Educational Research Methods Essay

1. What is the general purpose of a human subjects review? The general purpose of the human subjects review panel is to ensure that the rights, interests and the welfare of the human subjects are maintained during clinical research, and the clinical trials is conducted in an ethical manner compliant with standards established.   The review panel has the authority approve, amend or even reject any human research.   During the entire process of the clinical research, the review panel would be studying the manner in which the research is being conducted, and ensuring that the guidelines are stuck to.   Several regulatory authorities would be ensuring that the review board monitors the research being conducted on human subjects. The review board would be approving the research protocol outline and would also be creating the informed consent form.   During the meeting of the review board, the protocol would be studied, and accordingly it would be approved, disapproved or modified.   The review board would have to ensure that during any clinical trial, the risks to the human subjects are minimal, and certain benefits could be anticipated.   The benefits gained from the trial should be maximal and the risks involved should be minimal.   It would also look into other ethical issues such as confidentiality, informed consent and deceptive practices (USAF, 1999 & St. Edwards University, 2006). 2. What kinds of people within your organization would you ask to be on the review panel? Explain your reasons for choosing each person? The human subject research board is usually composed of a minimum of five members.   They should be professionally competent to examine research proposals and give consent for them on human subjects.   The members of the review board should be professionally qualified and should have sufficient experience so as to make appropriate decisions with regards to the human subjects.   The members of the board should belong to various backgrounds and should be familiar of the issues that exist in the community research is being conducted in.   The members of the board are usually elected for about 2 years.   Men and women should be a part of the board, so that female issues could also be appropriately addressed.   At least one member of the board should belong to a non-scientific background, and one member should belong to a scientific background (Monmouth, 2007 & St. Edwards University, 2006). 3. Give examples of projects within your organization that may require careful review before they are approved and of those that may be exempt from human studies review requirements. The institutional review board (IRB) of my organization would be examining any clinical research project that requires the use of human subjects, and in which some amount of risk exists.   The main aim of the IRB would be to assess the amount of risk that exists and also ensure that the trial is being conducted in an appropriate manner so that the risk is minimal.   Choosing the subjects should also be done in an equitable manner, and the IRB would be studying this.   The IRB would also be examining the provision of monetary and non-monetary incentives to the subjects who are a part of the clinical trial (HHS, 2005 & USAF, 1999). Some of the programs in which approval of the board is not required includes evaluations conducted by the student and teachers (for educational purposes), evaluation of the research program, marketing research, employee evaluations, certain educational tests, diagnostic tests, interview or survey procedures, compilation of existing data, etc (The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 2007)

Population Growth and the Arising Environmental Issues Essay

Population is determined by the relationship of two factors. One being birth rate and the other is death rate. If the number of deaths is less than the number of births then the population is growing larger. In John Laffin’s novel The Hunger to Come data is present showing that the population will continue to grow and not stop; â€Å"About 2050 the population will be 15. 000 million, a century later 82. 000 million and by 2350 a frightening 440. 000 million will be reached†(Engelman, 47). Like all living organisms, humans grow and reproduce; however, compared to the rate of which food is grown and supplied, the birth rate rises at a much faster rate. This compared rate of growth is known as the Malthusian relationship. The Malthusian relationship concludes that human population will eventually grow to be too big, to the point where there will not be enough food supply and other vital resources. When this happens, famine and/or death will occur, unless a plan is put into place regarding how to limit population growth. One main problem which results in the Malthusian relationship would be uncontrolled fertility. Since the death rate is decreasing due to medical advancements it allows more births to happen. Humans without doubt will create a baby faster than the supplies needed to support them. This results in birthrate being dropped down to zero population growth. This can happen in many ways, providing women with contraception (birth control), abortion centers and by creating laws to prevent couples from having more then two children. Education on family planning and birth control is a primary factor in restraining population growth. A common problem that people think is associated with overpopulation is having nowhere to put everyone, but there are also many other environmental issues that it causes. More humans will be using more cars, burning more fuel, eating more food and drinking more water. This causes more air pollution, more lands are ruined and more water and food to disappear. Therefore, population control is necessary on a global level in order to protect our environment. Population growth is ruining the earth’s oceans and water sources. This causes a decrease in earth’s water supply for the future. Due to the fact that water is vital to survive, the water sources being polluted will not do humans well. Besides water pollution, population growth also pollutes the air, which causes the greenhouse effect and reduction of the ozone layer. The greenhouse effect is when gases build up around the earth’s outer atmosphere which literally turns the earth into a greenhouse. What this means is that the heat allowed into the earth’s atmosphere is trapped inside and not aloud back out of the earth’s atmosphere. This results in an increase of the earth’s temperature, therefore it causes natural disasters such as hurricanes and due to the increased heat, crops do not grow properly. With the greenhouse effect comes the disappearing ozone layer. The main purpose of the ozone layer is to regulate the amount of UV light coming down to the earth’s surface from the sun. The chemical chlorofluorocarbon which is found in air conditioning systems, when in the air breaks down the ozone layer. This relates to population growth because of how many families are being produced everyday which results in more communities being built which means more houses. Therefore, this means more air-conditioning units will be in use, which results in the chemical chlorofluorocarbon being let out into the air and breaking down the ozone layer. With the ozone layer being broken down, more UV light enters the earth’s atmosphere and causes humans to gain skin diseases such as skin cancer. Therefore, if population growth is controlled and there is less people, less air conditioning will be used, global warming and the breaking ozone layer could be prevented. Main causes of air pollution are the use of cars and industrial plants, both which let loose harmful fumes into the air. Acid rain is a result of air pollution, it occurs when too many toxins are released into the air. It is made by fossil fuels being burnt then released into the air as a gas which then reacts with sunlight, oxygen and moisture. Acid rain when precipitated pollutes water and damages many materials and resources. Another downfall to cars with population growth is the fact of cars having air conditioning. This is because more chlorofluorocarbon will be let into the air from the car’s air conditioning. With the population increasing, it is creating air pollution which is harmful to all living organism because they need clean air, one of the most important necessities of life, to breathe. Population growth also threatens the earth’s farming resources. For example the desertification of land, this occurs when fertile land is turned into infertile land. This can happen from overgrazing of cattle, or the topsoil being carried away (erosion). If too much water is used, it can cause desertification which is mostly caused by a growing population. The more people need food, the more land is being used in the wrong way to try and make food. Another way population growth affects our outdoors is deforestation. Forests are cut down for the demand of fire wood, agricultural space, paper products and more space to live. However, forests are needed for more than human needs such as to regulate the amount of carbon dioxide let out into the atmosphere. Let it be known that population control will not end all the problems, but it would allow more time for them to be fixed and alienate environment problems. The earth’s environment is not infinite and can come to an end if population control was not started. Actions must be taken now to correct the current situations with the world involving population growth, these actions are the increase of deforestation and desertification, the decrease of farmland, more water pollution, the deteriorating ozone layer and the greenhouse effect. It is evident that there is no way our population can keep growing at the rate it does now without negatively impacting our environment.

Supply Chain Integrity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Supply Chain Integrity - Essay Example In view of the fact that the world has become a global village and today’s businesses operate in an environment that goes beyond the limitations of boundaries and borders. Hence, due to expansion of business infrastructures there emerges another major issue that is regarding compliance with immeasurable global laws and regulations posed by a number of countries and worldwide trade unions to deal with violence and money laundering. In this scenario, the majority of issues can be resolved effectively only if supply chain staff make use of the appropriate technologies and tools. In addition, the use of effective information technology based applications and tools can allow the business organizations to put together entire supply chain system and all applicable aspects, hence handling security risks, growing visibility, eventually maintaining supply chain integrity. The use of these technology based tools and applications can provide the organizations with simplicity for the manag ement of all supply chain associates, comprising suppliers, customers, distributers, customs department and service providers. Moreover, these tools and technologies are very useful to supply chain managers in attaining absolute simplicity of a wide variety of business processes such as delivery, procurement and completion systems, comprising keeping an eye on stock schedule and receiving notifications or replacement in case the level of stock becomes low (Eyefortransport, 2013; Gartner, Inc., 2012). The basic purpose of this research is to discuss the impact of supply chain integrity on business organizations. This paper discusses some of the important aspects associated with supply chain, supply chain management, and supply chain integrity. This paper will discuss issues in supply chain integrity and solutions to address those issues. Supply Chain and Supply Chain Management In their book, (Laudon & Laudon, 1999, p. 55) define the supply chain management as a process that combines some of the most important business activities such as the service providers, end customers, retailers logistics operations into a particular reliable way†. In this scenario, the supply chain is believed to be the most important aspect of supply chain management as it involves a variety of corporate operations such as manufacturing units and plants, distribution channels and centers, retail outlets, staff and information, services, which are linked all the way through the specific business units for instance logistics or procurement, with the purpose of delivering end products and services from manufacturing unit to end customers. Basically, in a supply chain process, these products, goods or services come as raw materials and develop by means of an organization’s logistics and manufacturing system until they are delivered to the end customers. To deal with the supply chain, an organization attempts to get rid of impediments and engrave the amount of resources engaged along the way. This can be carried out by streamlining the organizations inside operations or by plummeting inventory costs by getting information from the suppliers to put of release of goods and their payments until the instant they are required. Information Technology makes well-organized supply chain manag

Michael Jordan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Michael Jordan - Essay Example r significantly influenced the game itself, and the style of playing, and the experts state that â€Å"as a phenomenal athlete with a unique combination of grace, speed, power, artistry, improvisational ability and an unquenchable competitive desire, Jordan single-handedly redefined the NBA superstar.† (Kieller) Moreover, even the stars of the same format, equally experienced and successful players, recognized his uniqueness and paid homage to his talent. For instance, Magic Johnson stated: Theres Michael Jordan and then there is the rest of us." Larry Bird, in his turn, spoke of him as of a talented player at the beginning of his star career: â€Å""God disguised as Michael Jordan.† (gtd in Michael Jordan Biography) It’s evident that his impact in sport development and popular culture is great, and it’s much more greater than awards he received and the championships he won with his team. He started his career in the basketball league as a recruit with his dizzy dunks, and his drives and his unique style, and by the end he became almost an icon of several generations, and a part of popular culture. He is the person who spread the popularity of basketball league in global sense, who made basketball a significant part of popular culture, and shared his style with millions of people. (Michael Jordan Player Info) Jordan is famous for his personal unique style of playing. Nike signed a contract with him to advertise shoes, and this company gambled on his extreme popularity and appeal, but the results surpassed all expectations. This is how it is described by the experts in marketing and advertising: â€Å"One version of the sneakers he wore in his first preseason was an unseen before blend of his teams red and black colors that the NBA initially considered in violation of the "uniformity of uniform rule. Subject to fines if he continued to wear them, he occasionally did and the demand for that version and others in the Air Jordan line was unprecedented†. (qtd in

Coopers Creek And The New Zealand Industry Essay

Coopers Creek And The New Zealand Industry - Essay Example Strategic capabilities are recognised as the most vital resources and competencies of an organization that will help it to prosper and survive in this competitive market in the coming era. With the help of these underlining resources, the reputation and productivity of the organization enhances its position in the market among other contenders. Moreover, these resources act as the backbone of an organization on the basis of which the net profit and revenues get enhanced significantly. So, these strategies are very important for any organization, irrespective of size and location (Reid, 195, pp. 357-378). The resources might be both tangible and intangible in nature and the skills as well as the competencies of the employees might also vary from one organization to another. But all of them are useful in enhancing the net output of the organization. Therefore, using VRIN analytical tool, the strategic capabilities of Coopers Creek might be evaluated. VRIN stands for value, rarity, in-i mitable and non-substitutable (Teece, 2009, p. 367-389). Analysis and Discussion Analysis of the external environment of Coopers Creek by Porter’s five forces modelThe industry of wine is extremely competitive due to the presence of numerous wine players. Since competition is quite evident, the power of buyers is extremely high in this industry as compared to others. The prime cause behind such competitiveness is that the customers are free to select any type of brand and so the rate of switch over cost is quite high in this industry. .... But all of them are useful in enhancing the net output of the organization. Therefore, using VRIN analytical tool, the strategic capabilities of Coopers Creek might be evaluated. VRIN stands for value, rarity, in-imitable and non-substitutable (Teece, 2009, p. 367-389). Analysis and Discussion Analysis of the external environment of Coopers Creek by Porter’s five forces model The industry of wine is extremely competitive due to the presence of numerous wine players. Since competition is quite evident, the power of buyers is extremely high in this industry as compared to others. The prime cause behind such competitiveness is that the customers are free to select any type of brand and so the rate of switch over cost is quite high in this industry. So, it is extremely difficult for any specific brand to retain the similar set of market value and share for a long run (Walder, 2013, p. 234-267). However, it might be possible to retain and maintain a sustaining pool of customers, on ly if the player tries to introduce innovative types of product lines with mind-blowing tastes and savours. This might help the market players to attract large number of customers towards its products thereby amplifying its brand image and equity in the market among others. Side by side, the reputation of that specific brand might also get enhanced among many other players. On the other hand, the prices of the products also play a vital role in this industry and so it needs to be adjusted according to the competitor prices so as to remain competitive in the market. Otherwise, the brand or the player might not be able to retain its brand value and profit margin among others. The power of the suppliers in this industry

Rhetorical Analysis Assignment Description Essay

Rhetorical Analysis Assignment Description - Essay Example Some people have argued that the events of the September 11 terrorist attack on the US soil had an effect on immigration laws in the country. Thus, the fears expressed by the author in the unchanging number of illegal immigrants in the US are justifiable, if one considers the intention of some of these illegal immigrants. The terrorist attack have made the United States of America to tighten immigration laws as the laws are now stricter than they used to be before the September 11 terrorist attack. Immigrants suspected of having any connection with terrorists would be jailed for about seven days without being charged in the court of law. Prior to the 9/11 terrorist attack, the immigration laws were lenient and the barrier set around immigration has made it difficult to obtain visas to the country. The security checks around the airport have now been more tightened as the screening process is now more intense than what it used to be before the 9/11 attacks. ... The police have now been empowered to monitor people’s conversation and survey people’s electronic mails. This was not the case before the terrorist attack as people were left alone to guard their private lives without the fear of being watched. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was also established by the Bush Administration in 2002 to combat terrorism locally. The author’s reference to the Department of Homeland Security as she brings out data about the deportation of 400, 000 immigrants by Federal immigration authorities (Preston) shows the extent at which the author develops logos in the article. It is clear that the since the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, the citizens of the United States of America have now become more security conscious. Governments, security officials and the common citizens of the US have now been made to watch their guard due to the sad event of the 9/11 terrorist attack. The author’s appeal to logos The use of facts by the author shows the reliability of the author in trying to prove her point on the issue of illegal immigrants in the US. The author appeals to the logos of the reader through the presentation of factual data and statistics from experts and authorities. The authors appeal to logos would definitely evoke a sort of rational response on the part of the reader as she gave some logical chain of reasoning to support her claim about the unchanged number of illegal immigrants in the United States of America. The fact that the author linked the reason behind the unchanging number of illegal immigrants to the continual stay of Mexican immigrants, who form 58 percent of the number of illegal immigrants, shows the author’s use of

Event Management ( portfolio work) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Event Management ( portfolio work) - Essay Example or the seminar Innovation without Boundaries for Summit Solvay a training firm.   The seminar will entail training participants on Simple steps to make innovation work ,myths and misconceptions about innovation, how to avoid common pitfalls of innovative thinking, best practices to quickly launch projects to prove creative concepts, how to harness existing corporate culture to drive innovation and growth. boundaries.   The main objective is to make profit from the money invested and returns on investment.   The second objective is to ensure that participants gain skills that they can easily implement in the work place.   The third objective is to ensure continued growth of organizations through adaption of latest innovation strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first objective will be achieved by having 200 plus participants attend the seminar. The second objective will be achieved by the quality of the presentations and interaction by the participants. A measure on the success of the seminar will be evaluated by participants being asked to respond to an evaluation questionnaire at the end of the seminar, Ramsborg et al (eds) (2008),. The success of the third objective will be assessed by the evaluation of the changes implemented in their organizations in a period of six months after the seminar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The seminar will take place on 25th August 2012. 8.30 am to 5.00pm at Intercontinental Hotel in London.   The target audiences for the seminar are c-level management, middle management, supervisors and all individuals involved in the innovative process in their organizations.   The seminar will give organizations a platform to discuss the strategies they need to adopt for their innovative future. embrace change and remain abreast of the competition. This is especially important for organizations that operate in more than one country. The seminar on Innovation without boundaries gives these organizations to empower its staff with cutting edge skills to

The Manager as a Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Manager as a Leader - Essay Example 1). Another more simple definition by Northhouse (2007) states that leadership is â€Å"a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal† (Northhouse, 2007, p. 3 cited in Clark, 2010, p. 1). These definitions provide a foundation for this report. In this researcher’s understanding, leadership can also be defined as the ability of one person to help another person achieve their full potential. 1 Personal Traits Associated with Leadership According to Clark (2010) a leader must understand who they are, what they know and what they can do. In order to understand these three issues a leader must have confidence in themselves and they must be able to inspire others. The ability to actively listen and to communicate is also traits that leaders must have in order to get along well with their employees. A good leader is also able to inspire others to work towards their potential. Leaders begin by setting the example of what they want th eir employees to do and show what is expected of them. Hyatt, Hyatt, and Hyatt (2011) suggest that leaders must have emotional maturity in order to lead effectively. They define this concept as the ability of the leader to implement basic leadership principles in their organisation. They suggest that emotional maturity comes through knowledge of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence in their definition is â€Å"the ability to perceive emotions† (Hyatt, Hyatt, and Hyatt, 2001, p. 2). Some of the qualities that an individual has who is expressing emotional intelligence include â€Å"self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills† (Hyatt, Hyatt, and Hyatt, 2001, p. 2). Emotional maturity grows out of having emotional intelligence because emotional maturity is the ability to identify and accept all the feelings and emotions that an individual has and to be able to give a response in any situation. Also, the individual is aware of their emot ions and they know that the emotions are complete. But, the individual is also able to recognise and accept the differences they see in others as â€Å"assets to be valued† (Hyatt, Hyatt, and Hyatt, 2001, p. 2). Emotional maturity also has to do with behavioural responses to situations. Behaviour is tied into a person’s feelings, their actions, and their thoughts. 1.1 Motivation and Drive Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs has been used in business to talk about motivation. The way that these needs are shown suggest that lower level needs must be met before someone can move to higher level needs. For management, this means that the basic needs of proper wages, adequate breaks, a safe working environment, retirement benefits and job security must be met before higher level needs like recognition, a sense of community on the job and the ability to reach their full potential can be realized (Internet Centre for Management and Business Administration, 2010). Leaders also h ave strong problem solving skills that include the ability to critically think in all situations and decide what needs to be done. 2 Theory X versus Theory Y Theory X and Y are theories created by McGregor. This theory suggests that there are two basic ways to manage people and both theories emphasize a different way of dealing with people. Based on the idea that most people dislike working and would avoid it if possible, the X theory uses a more authoritarian management style (Chapman, 2010). In this theory people have to be forced to work by threatening them with punishment. According to this theory, punishment is the only way to get people to work towards the organisation’s goals. Therefore, the manager who subscribes to this theory would

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Case Study Example 3.2 The factors that are identified by ATK while constructing the flight risk model include the age and the tenure of the employee in the organization, his marital status and the complexities of this work, relation with the other employees included in the flight risk model, any change seen in the issues that were related with benefits and seasonality. Of these factors, changes seen in the issues that provide the benefits and complexities of the work level contributed the maximum for increased turnover while marital status seemed to be the least important for voluntary turnover for the employees. 3.5 The statistical model introduced in NASA and ATK for calculating the employee turnover might have benefitted the employees there buy it is not necessary the model would do the same for other companies too. The model brought information more about the employees who were found in the bottom lines jobs. There was no information about the other employees in the hierarchy. Besides, there were less analytical skill sets in the model which would be necessary while understanding the work climate in an

Democracy Essay Example for Free

Democracy Essay In its simplest term, democracy literally means the rule of the people. It came from the Greek word â€Å"demos† which means people and â€Å"kratos† which means rule. (â€Å"Democracy†) The term democracy was first coined in Ancient Greece. Democracy in Greece was understood to mean the selection of ordinary citizens to government office and courts and the assembly of all the citizens. Through the years, however, democracy as a form of government has evolved into a complex form of government. Despite the changes the concept has undergone, it still espouses the principles of popular sovereignty, political equality, popular consultation and the majority rule. (Austin Ranney, 1995) This essay is concerned with presidential democracy as a form of government. I aim to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the presidential system. In the concluding part, I will take a stand on this issue. The Advantages of Presidential System It is the essence of every presidential democracy that the three main powers of government are constitutionally divided into thee different departments. Read more: How does big states vs small states guard against tyranny essay The three departments are: a) the legislative branch; b) executive branch; and c) judicial branch. The legislative branch has the power to propose, enact, amend and repeal the law. The executive branch has the power to execute the law. The judiciary has the power to interpret the law. The doctrine of concentration of powers is intended to prevent a concentration of authority in one person or group of persons that might lead to an error or abuse to the prejudice of the whole state. It is believed that any concentration of powers in a single branch is tyrannical and only true separation of powers will protect the liberties of the people against the aggressions of government. (Austin Ranney, p. 240) Moreover, the essence of presidential democracy does not only lie in the constitutional separation of powers but it also lies in the system of checks and balances. The separation of powers in the three branches of government is not synonymous to isolation. In the words of Justice Frankfurter in the case of Connally v. Scudder (160 N.  E. 655), he states that while it is desirable that thee be a certain degree of independence among the several constitutional agencies, it is not in the public interest for them to deal with each other at arm’s length or with a hostile jealousy of their respective rights as this might result in frustration of the common objectives of the government. This means that in reality, these three departments actually share their powers for the purpose of establishing a system by which one department could resist encroachment made by another department. Although there is a separation of powers in a democracy, one department is given the prerogative to check whether another department is exceeding its power and prerogative. For example: the Executive department has the constitutional prerogative to check the power of the Legislative branch to make laws by exercising its veto power. This means that the president of a country has the power not to sign into law or veto a particular bill passed by the legislative branch if the president, thinks that the law is not proper e. g. f the law is not timely. The same is true for the legislative branch of government which has the constitutional prerogative to check on the powers of the president by means of the procedure known as impeachment. The same is true with the President who has the constitutional prerogative to check on the functions of the Judiciary. For example, the president has the power to grant amnesty and pardon to those already convicted and have undergone the process in the judiciary. Another essence of democracy lies in the Rule of Majority. This is best manifested in the process known as election by which the people, in accordance with the principle of popular sovereignty, have the power to choose which among the candidates will govern them for a limited period of time. Disadvantage of Presidential System Though the presidential system may have its advantages, one main objection to this system is the delays caused by too much political conflict and gridlock between the President, Senate and the House of Representatives. Several times in the past that needed legislations have been delayed and blocked because of the political bickering that is always inherent in a Presidential system. It must be stressed that laws are passed to address the concerns of the people. If the passage of laws will be delayed because of the disagreements between the executive and the legislative then the people are the ones who will suffer. Conclusion The democracy is adopted by many countries including the United States. I think presidential democracy is better than the other forms of government. Though it has also its weakness, it is only in a democracy where there is a better balance between the powers of the government and the right of the people. It is this balance that ensures that those in the government will not abuse their powers that the constitution has granted to them. It is also this balance that ensures that the people will not abuse their sovereignty. The fusion of the two essential powers of government such as the power to execute laws and to make and amend laws in the hands of a single person will expose the whole state and the citizenry to the possibility that those in power will abuse their position.

Implementation of Organization Theory and Design

Implementation of Organization Theory and Design An organization is a defined structure in which people work together to achieve organizational goals using human, financial and material resources. Organization theory describes how organization functions, effect of environment on organization and effect of organization on environment. Organization theory can be classified under three approaches: classical, neo classical and modern. Classical theory considers organization as a machine and human beings as different parts of machine. In this theory, work is divided into specialized tasks. Unity of command, chain of command and span of control are also there in this theory (Prasad, 2008). Neo classical theory is a combination of formal and informal organization. It is based on human view of organization. This theory contains flat structure of organization, decentralization and informal organization. Modern organization theory was developed in early 1960s. It takes an organization as an adaptive, dynamic and open system. This theory consists of two theories. According to system theory, productivity is considered as an interaction of people, structure and environment. Contingency theory describes that there must be a match between organizational structure and its environment to enhance performance (Prasad, 2008). Organizational design depends on various factors such as environment, strategy, people, size and technology. On the basis of above description of organizational theory and design, we have come to know about the organization, its functions, its effect on external environment, effect of external environment, organization design and structure. Modern theory with system and contingency theory is generally acceptable in present scenario. So in the interview, I will tell the interviewer that I have learned about the organizational theory and design and I have learned that flat structure, dynamism, combination of formal and informal behavior, decentralization and broader span of control are the characteristics, which must be applied in an organization (Organization Theory and Design, 2008). In present scenario, we can not take organization as a closed system because organization affects the external environment and gets affected by external environment. Decentralization refers to the delegation of power among managers. Flat structure provides better communication between all the levels of management. Span of control should be wider enough because it helps in proper management of workforce. The success of an organization highly depends on coordination of its various resources like human, financial and material. I have properly understood the factors, which are very critical in organizational structure. I will keep an eye on the external environment to go with recent trends. I will also concentrate on a suitable strategy to maintain relations between all the elements, which decide the organizational success. Apart from these two things, the use of new technology, size of organization and proper handling of people will also be considered. References Prasad, L.M. (2008). Organizational Behavior (4th Revised Edition). New Delhi: Sultan Chand Sons Educational Publishers. Organization Theory and Design, (2008). Retrieved on June, 24, 2008 from http://www52.homepage.villanova.edu/maureen.sullivan/coursematerial/LM_Notes/Organizational_Theory_and_Design.htm

The Mosaic of American Culture, Its No Melting Pot Essay example -- S

The Mosaic of American Culture, It's No Melting Pot Culture is a behavior that consists of several critical elements, such as language, religion, race and ethnicity, clothing and politics. Culture is what one does in his/her daily life. In order to understand others, we must first keep in mind that every culture carries its own set of values and assumptions. Culture is an evolving, ever changing civilization, which includes several different groups people. For immigrants, America is a land of opportunity; for others it is just the best country in the world because of its economic success and/or its democratic political system. Americans usually value independence a lot, believe in equal opportunity, and have a direct communication style. In exploring the future American society, specifically regarding relationships among various communities of racial, ethnic, and others we are groping for an image. Some hold on to the notion of a melting pot, in which all groups would be assimilated into one homogeneous American amalgam. As I see it, the image of a mosaic, if properly understood, serves better than a melting pot. The immigrant population within the United States is not being blended together in one ?pot, but rather they are transforming American society into a truly multicultural mixture where every person acts as a piece in a Mosaic. When looked in closely you will see people with different cultures, but when looked from a far distance you will not see a specific cult...

E-mail Essay -- Technology, Communication

Email is the most widely used communication tool within companies today. Email has been described as a curse and a blessing. Email reaches its recipients quickly and can be sent across the globe within seconds. Companies with multiple locations find this essential in communicating. Email can also reach a large number of individuals within a matter of keystrokes. Sending a mass email reaches many recipients with one consistent message. While there are many praises of email, its drawbacks must be considered as well. Email communication can financially impact an organization. Emails sent without a clear message can lead to misinterpretations which ultimately may cost the company money. Employees often complain of receiving up to and sometimes over 100 emails a day and often many do not pertain to them. For each email the employee must read to determine its value to them or spend time reading to perceive a clear message, it reduces the employee’s productivity. Managers and coworkers who use effective email techniques can increase communication accuracy, decrease frustration and increase productivity. BYRON, K. (2008). CARRYING TOO HEAVY A LOAD? THE COMMUNICATION AND MISCOMMUNICATION OF EMOTION BY EMAIL. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 309-327. doi:10.5465/AMR.2008.31193163 This article provides a unique examination into how the emotion written in email affects its perception. Study results were measured on emails written with positive, negative and neutral emotions. Gender and relationship status were taken into account for this study. The conclusion results suggested that misinterpretations as a result of emotion written within email is inevitable and varies largely from the intended emotion of the sender and th... ...This article addresses the cost of email mistakes and the characteristics of an effective email. The charts provided not only indicate the cost of the mistakes but the hours lost in productivity. Accuracy, clarity, spelling, punctuation, grammar and conciseness were identified as characteristics of an effective email. While this article clearly identifies the cost of ineffective emails and the loss of productivity, it lacks solutions to improve efficient email writing. A source is referenced but lacks detail in study information. Studies within the literature researched support the thesis that the use of effective email techniques can increase communication accuracy, decrease frustration and increase productivity. Elements of a properly written email were identified. Training implementation and measurement proved to improve clarity and productivity.

Capital Punishment Essays -- essays research papers

Capital punishment is necessary in order for justice to prevail. Capital punishment is the execution of criminals for committing crimes, so bad that this is the only acceptable punishment. Capital punishment lowers the murder rate, but its value as retribution alone is a good reason for handing out death sentences. It is one of the only fair punishments allowed by the judicial system. Another issue is that it saves money compared to the alternative of life in prison.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1972, in the case of Furman vs. Georgia, declared capital punishment cruel and unusual punishment. However after the Supreme Court Decision of Gregg vs. Georgia, the Supreme Court said that capital punishment was not unconstitional and the capital punishment resumed under new guidelines.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are seven main types of execution: Hanging, where the prisoner is blindfolded and stands on a trap door, with a rope around his neck. The trap door is opened suddenly. The weight of the prisoner's body below the neck causes traction separating the spinal cord from the brain. The second most widely used technique is shooting, where a firing quad shoots the prisoner from some meters away. Another method is Guillotine, a device consisting of a heavy blade held aloft between upright guides and dropped to behead the victim below. Then there was Garroting, in which a tightened iron collar is used to strangle or break the neck of a condemned person. One of the more r...

Points to Remember Before Starting Dog Breeding Business

Starting a dog breeding business is an endeavor that can be exceptionally rewarded, but at the same time, one that has its own challenges. The dog breeding world has expanded greatly, and now people who love dogs and love breeding them can make a living out of their passion. The business isn’t for everyone, but if you know a lot about a particular breed and have a desire to turn your passion for canines into a full-time pursuit, becoming a dog breeder may be the right opportunity for you. A dog breeding business can be very profitable, and that’s perhaps why we see more and more people starting it, however the biggest mistake you can make is to see dog breeding as a just a way to make money. It takes a lot of patience, hard work, knowledge, and commitment, so it’s not something to start on a whim. However, if you’re up to the challenge, a dog breeding business can be quite rewarding – financially and personally. To start, breeding is not an easy-business. There is a misconception from people that think that you just have to put a male and a female dog together. There is more behind that, including exams, research, and the selection of the mating time. These all influence the health of the newborn puppies. Starting a dog breeding business involves investing time, money and energy on getting to know more about dogs, breeding, the breeding cycle, the proper way to choose a mate, etc. Picking the right dog breed can determine how successful your business will become. Among the most important things to consider is the popularity of the breed, the number and quality of breeders you will be competing with, the current prices in the market place, your likes and dislikes as well as your available space. What the Business Involves You’ll be breeding dogs — in other words, selecting a suitable set of purebred parents and raising the resulting puppies. But it’s a lot more involved than just getting Missy and Rover together and letting nature take its course; pups that result from THOSE kinds of unions too often wind up at animal shelters. To breed dogs successfully, you’ll be expected to carefully research pedigrees, genetics and have a solid understanding of breed characteristics and potential problems. Not only that, you’ll need to provide quality food, medical care and the type of accommodations that lead to the growth of healthy, happy puppies. Knowledge or Skills Required Besides loving the particular dog breed you choose, you need expertise about the breed, attention to detail, room that can be devoted to birthing/raising pups and plenty of time. And remember, you can’t breed dogs if you’re squeamish about bodily functions of animals, soiled carpets or sleepless nights. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages: If you love the dog breed, it can be very enjoyable to have lots of them around High profits are possible (but still not likely) IF you develop a good reputation as a breeder and you offer dog breeds for which there is a demand. This IS something you can try on a one-time basis, by breeding your beloved FiFi and seeing how it goes. The additional equipment you’ll need to breed dogs (such as a whelping box and birthing supplies) isn’t too expensive; but of course, you need the basic dog or animal equipment too (quality food, leashes, bowls, etc. ) Disadvantages: Veterinary care and genetic testing can be very expensive. (Genetic testing? Yes, this may be required by some discerning customers, to rule out congenital and hereditary disorders. The number and kind of genetic tests done on your breed of dog depends on their genetic predisposition for types of disorders. No guarantees in this business! If you want to breed dogs, you have to be comfortable with a certain degree of risk. If the litter is small (common with small breeds of dogs), you’ve invested a great deal of time, effort and money for little return. If the litter is large, costs are correspondingly higher. This is not a business with a steady monthly income, since you don’t breed dogs every month. Females should only be bred once a year (so you have the mother’s maintenance to consider, too. ) How will you advertise your pups for sale? While there are inexpensive options such as posting signs in vet’s offices, you may need to purchase classified advertising, build a website or travel to fully promote your dog breed. Entrepreneur’s Experience In the Dog Breeding Business Man’s best friend can also be a great source of steady income. This rings true for entrepreneur Josephine Molde, who has built a lucrative dog breeding business out of his own backyard. It was in 2000 when she bought a 10-month-old female Dalmatian for P12,000 from a friend. Months later, the dog gave indications that it was ready to mate, and they then paid P2,500 to a stud breeder, an exercise which bore 11 puppies. She then earned a cool P35,000 when she was able to sell them for P3,000 to P3,500 each to friends and through ads. â€Å"We were satisfied with the results so we thought of getting more dogs and expand the business,† Molde said. A Lucrative Business Molde then bought a two-month-old Golden Retriever for P17,000 and while it was growing, the Dalmatian gave birth to 10 more puppies and they pocketed another P30,000. They eventually acquired more breeds and after three years, the business peaked with 40 dogs in 12 varieties. Josephine and her husband Godie also went into the stud business, which turned out to be more profitable and reliable. Godie also learned the art of â€Å"shooting† or helping the dogs mate, which earns for him P300 per session. During that period, the dogs brought in almost P200,000 per month to pad the family’s coffers the majority of which came from the stud part of their business. So we were using the earnings from the stud business for our expenses and maintenance, and the proceeds from the puppies go to our savings,† she said. Abhay, The motive which you have stated about Profit, to be honest not many attain that status. This is mainly hobby and not business. And if any kennel is making profit it must have inner will and strength to sustain themself with quality for min 5-10 years. Once their quality, everything is proven then only i assume they woul d have made some profit. Like Mr Vidya from Meerut, his knowledge is great but he never thought of making profit from day 1. He learnt n learnt and i am sure he knows the max tips of breeding and handling as he is completely devoted into this. So first minimise the number of breeds you wish , study a bit on it, try contacting couple of breeders of those breeds and seek help, The point you mentioned that many people were discouraging was due to the fact that you might be talking about profit from breeding. and they would have told the experience that profit is NEVER possible in start†¦ YOu need min 5 years to study a breed (when it reaches complete adulthood). 10

Mongols in the Middle East

The Mongols were raiders, clan warriors, and rulers of a transcontinental empire in the thirteen century.   Also referred to as the Tatars and barbarians, they conquered Persia before moving on to Europe with the Khan of Khans, Genghis Khan as their most important leader.   Eventually the Mongols made an empire for themselves which is known as the largest contiguous empire in world history. In Europe, the Mongols first attacked Hungary in the year 1241.   They smashed all military opposition in Poland and the Balkans before regrouping to push west.   The Mongol invasion of all Europe could have been completed in the course of a year.   However, an unexpected message arrived to call back all Mongols to Genghis Khan.   Europe was partly delivered.   But Islam was not. By the year 1220, the Mongols had captured Samarkand and Bukhara.   And, in the year 1255, the Mongol rulers of Persia went to war against the Caliph of Islam in Baghdad.   Led by Genghis Khan’s grandson, Hulagu Khan, they invaded Syria and Palestine, and in 1258, captured Baghdad, destroying the city and killing the Abbasid Caliph in the process. Baghdad, before the Mongol invasion, was one of the centers of intellectual activity for the entire globe.   By attacking the center, the Mongols pretty much snuffed out the intellectual flowering of the time.   Besides, the city had had its agriculture supported by a canal network thousands of years in age.   The Mongols also destroyed the physical structure of Baghdad – before then referred to as the City of Peace – by filling in the irrigation canals and leaving Iraq  too depopulated to restore them.   The barbarians had killed around eighty thousand people of Baghdad. After Baghdad, the Mongols marched westward, but were halted at Ayn Jalut, one of the decisive battlefields of history near Nazareth in Israel.   In the year 1260, the Turkish and Egyptian forces routed the Mongols at Ayn Jalut, thereby preventing the enemy from attacking Egypt and North Africa.   The Golden Horde Mongols of Russia sided with the Turks and the Egyptians to turn against their own kind. By coming into contact with the Muslims through invasions, countless Mongols began to embrace Islam.   Ghazan Khan Mahmud, a Mongol ruler, officially adopted Islam as the religion of the state at the dawn of the fourteenth century.   During this period, the Mongols built mosques and schools, and patronized all sorts of scholarship. Then again, Tamerlane, the world conqueror, appeared among the Mongols, leading the barbarian forces to sweep down on Central Asia, India, Iran, Iraq, and Syria; occupying Aleppo and Damascus; and threatening the Mamluks.   The Muslims survived their invaders.   Nonetheless, the damage had been done.   Some of the regions occupied by the Muslims in the past did never recover fully, and the Muslim empire never fully regained its enormous power held in the past. The Mongol invasions happened to be a major cause of subsequent decline that set in throughout the heartland of the Arab East.   The Mongols, in their sweep through the Muslim world, had killed and deported innumerable scholars as well as scientists; destroyed libraries along with their irreplaceable works; and thereby set the stage for general intellectual decline in the Middle East.   By wiping out the invaluable cultural, scientific, and technological legacy that  the Muslim scholars had been preserving for some five hundred years – the Mongols had left an indelible mark on the minds of the Middle Easterners.   After the Mongols, the Middle East never really reached the height of intellectual supremacy it once had reached. The Mongols came to rule the entire Middle East except for Egypt.   Traditionally the worshippers of heaven, the Mongols had believed in their divine right to rule the entire world.   The Muslims in the Middle East had also believed in their own supremacy until this time.   This is because the Holy Qur’an had referred to the believers as the best of communities raised on earth.   The Mongol invasions were a bitter disappointment for the Muslims of the Middle East, seeing that they showed how the great Muslim Caliphate could be routed easily by a band of barbarians. A serious setback for the Muslims of the Middle East, Mongols ruled the Middle Easterners from Persia instead of Baghdad, crushing the Arab sense of superiority in the process.   The masters had turned into subjects.   This, indeed, was an important lesson for Middle Easterners, seeing that the events of the centuries to come held even greater blows in store for them. Muslim historians have asserted that the Mongol invasion of the Middle East was a punishment from God for the rulers of the Muslim world that had turned to corruption.   Moreover, God does not tolerate arrogance on the part of a race that comes to rule another.   The Middle Easterners had, by this time, seen tremendous successes almost everywhere in the world.   And yet, the Abbasids had overthrown the Umayyads, thereby setting the stage for Middle Eastern decline.   This is because Islam does not set brother against brother.   It may very well be that rulers from the Middle East had begun overthrowing one another for power alone rather than  Islam.   In fact, the same pattern was applied among the Mughal emperors of the subcontinent, who too were eventually overthrown by â€Å"outsiders†. When the Ottomans were overthrown by â€Å"outsiders† after the First World War, it was a reminder for the Muslim world.   As a matter of fact, the Mongols were brought to mind.   Once again, the Muslim Caliphate had been done away with. One of the reasons cited by Muslim scholars for the fall of the Muslim Caliphate is that many of the caliphs who came after Prophet Muhammad and his friends, Abu Bakr, Usman, Umar, and Ali – were defeated because they had built grand empires at the cost of discarding thoughts about the afterlife.   In fact, right up to the Ottomans, the Muslims had formed a truly magnificent empire. Harems were common, and there was just too much excitement over worldly affairs to let the afterlife be of much concern to the rulers as well as their subjects.   In actuality, Muslims are meant to be focused on the afterlife instead of worldly affairs.   Even though the grandeur of David and Solomon is not disdained, many of the caliphs of Islam after the first few ones are truly known to have turned too much attention on worldly affairs.   This, according to Muslim historians, was one of the chief causes of Middle Eastern decline. The Mongols stay in the consciousness of the Middle Easterners today as a reminder of the brutal past – a past for which only they were held responsible.   The reminder is beneficial.   In point of fact, the history of the Mongols among the Middle Easterners is only meant to bring the Muslims of the Middle East closer to God, and the real spirit of Islam.      

Care of Residents and Floor Manager Essay

Bi-Describe the terms and conditions of your contract as set out in your contract of employment or employment agreement. Answer-Turn up to work at the required times, wear the correct uniform, holiday entitlement , pay rate and confidentiality. Bii-Describe the information which needs to be shown on your pay slip/statement. Answer-Hours worked, employee number, NI insurance number, tax code, payment before deductions and payment after deductions and hourly rate. Biii-Identify two changes to personal information which you must report to your employer. Answer-Change of address or Medical condition. Biv-Describe the procedure to follow if you want to raise a grievance at work. Answer-Refer to flow chart. -See attatched. Bv-Explain the agreed ways of working with your employer in relation to the following areas. 1)Data protection: Ensure all information is stored in a secure place and no information is given out if unsure. 2)Grievance:Discuss with floor manager or home manager. )Conflict management:If i had a problem with a member of staff, for example if i didnt like the way that they were treating a resident i would go to my manager and explain my concerns, if after informing my manager the problem persists i would then go back, if my manager dismissed this as she has already talked to the staff member, this would cause conflict and i would seek help from someone above my manager(Regional Director). 4)Anti-discriminatory: Treat everyone as an individual and do no dis-respect race or culture. )Health&Safety:Keep up to date with all training and comply with all requested of me to ensure myself, collegues and residents are not at risk of harm or injury. 6)Confidentiality:Ensure all information is secured properly and dont give out any information to anyone your not sure about, consult Team Leader if unsure. 7)Whistleblowing:Identify the unethical baahaviour in questionand determine how its affecting you or the organisation in which you work. Decide whether the problem is worth reporting and if it will put yours or someone elses job at risk. Whistleblowing encourages and enables employees to raise serious concerns within the ‘setting’ rather than overlooking a problem or ‘blowing the whistle’ outside. Employees are often the first to realise that there is something seriously wrong within the setting. However, they may not express their concerns as they feel that speaking up would be disloyal to their colleagues or to the setting. Follow whisleblowing procedure. Bvi-Explain how your role contributes to the overall delivery of the service provided. Answer-I follow all policies and procedure and my job roles and responsibilities to maintain a high standard of quality care. Promote and maintain a good standard of care, I also ensure that the service users are able to practice their charter of rights, for example: Choice The right to make choices about their own lifestyle, and to excercise that choice and independence whenever possible. Dignity and Individuality The right to be shown respect and courtesy and to be treated as a unique and valued individual. Privacy and Confidentiality The right to choose to be alone, undisturbed, and free from intrusion, as far as possible, within the constraints of living with others in a nursing or residential care home; and the right to have all your personal information kept confidential. Complaints The right to comment and make known any concerns or complaints that you have about the home, or the company, without feeling under stress or threat. Bvii-Explain how you could influence the qualityof the service provided by; a)following the best practice within your work role; By keeping up to date with all training needed to carry out my work, by refering back to my job roles and responsibilities if unsure, ask floor manager or manager if im unsure of anything-this will ensure that I am carrying out a high standard of care to service users. b)not carrying out the requirements of your role; Residents/service users could be at risk, and if person centred approach isnt followed or the rights of the service users are taken away you could be putting them at risk of neglect and institutional abuse. Bviii-Describe how your own work must be influenced by National factors such as Codes of Practice, National Occupational Standards, Legislation and Government Initiatives. Answer-My work is directly impacted by all of the above every day. Codes of Practice and Occupational Standards form our mission, vision and values. Legislation dictates our level and quality of care. Government initiatives impact the people we serve. For example, a code of practice in action, and in a very general sense – may be staff supporting, but also providing the tools, for individuals to become more independent. Too much support, they would learn dependence. Tools alone without support, they may not understand how to use them or when to use them. Occupational Standards would be a general guide for each career within a given field, that expresses the foundational do’s and don’ts for each. Example, we would provide a minimum amount of service, documented and within the guidelines for the individual, while if we offered additional services that are needed and appropriate to the individual, that would be good. Laws protect for the most part. Most laws are based on safety. So legislation that offers greater protection for the people we serve, and laws that provide a clear expectation for staff – which if we follow judiciously, also protects us – are incorporated into all daily activities and decisions. That is protection for the individual. A person passing by an accident and offering help is protected from lawsuits by the Good Samaritan Law. So in these examples, both the individual, and the care-giver have laws that protect them. Government Initiatives – well, that’s a pretty general term as well which could also be interpreted in many different ways. Initiatives – I think of entitlement programs. Social Security, SSI, Welfare, WIC, HE AP, HUD, etc. These programs governmental initiatives provide additional support to people.

Compare and Contrast the Historical Significance Essay

Compare and Contrast the historical significance between the two world WARS. http://www. diffen. com/difference/World_War_I_vs_World_War_II Similarities Topical sentence: A) Both war led to heavy casualties. 1) WW1: Estimated to be 10 million dead, 21 million wounded, and 7. 7 million missing or imprisoned. 2) WW2: More than 40 million men and women were serving in the armed forces by 1944 and civilian and military deaths exceeded 55 million. Topical sentence: B) same both created a new international co-operation hoping to prevent further conflicts in the future. ) WW1: The League of Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. 2) WW2: The United Nations was established to foster international cooperation and prevent conflicts. Topical Sentence: C) Similarly, Both brought out the creation of new and dangerous weapons. 1) WW1: Supported by artillery and machine guns, infantry assault, early airplanes and poisonous gas. 2) WW2: a) Nuclear power and missiles were used, modern concepts of covert and special operations. Submarines and tanks were also more heavily used. ) Encryption codes for secret communication became more complex. Topical Sentence: D) Similarly, Genocide was used to torture people from weaker countries. 1) WW1: The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) carried out genocide of Armenians. 2) WW2: German Nazis committed genocide against Jews. Topical Sentence : E)Both sowed the seeds of future wars. 1) WW1: Several alliances formed over the past decades were invoked, so within weeks the major powers were at war; as all had colonies, the conflict soon spread around the world. 1)Rise of Nazism in Germany (regain national glory and prestige) a) Treaty violations and acts of aggression on various fronts. b) Political and economic inst ability in Germany including with humiliation over its defeat in World War 1 and the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles. c) Rise of power of Adolf Hitler of the Nazi Party. 1) In the mid-1930s Hitler began secretly to rearm Germany, in violation of the treaty. 2) Adolf Hitler signed alliances with Italy and Japan to oppose the Soviet Union. 2) Rise of Fascism in Italy (regain national glory and prestige) a) Joined the allies in 1915 in hope in getting Dalmatia and Fiume however was only given Istria and Tyrol at the Paris and Peace Conference. b) Italian nationalists occupied Fiume in September 1919 WW2: The wartime conferences and wartime conferences revealed the mutual distrust and disagreements between the USSR and USA cause Cold War. (1)Launching opposing plans and forming opposing organizations a) US- Marshall Plan and formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. ) USSR- Molotov Plan formed the Warsaw Pact within the communist bloc. (2) Organizing spy activities out of deep suspicion and a great sense of insecurity. a) US- Central Intelligence Agency b) USSR – Committee of State Security (3) Using political propaganda to promote each other ideas and attack the other side. a) US- Voice of America to attack communism b)USSR-Radio Moscow to attack capitalism (4) Stopping all kinds of communication to prevent people of its bloc from going over to the other side. ) US- stops communication and stop all cultural exchange b) USSR- tightened all controls and no contact to the west was allowed. Differences Topical Sentence: A) Politically, WW1 had just brought the first recognition & partial actualization of the principle of national self-determination. BUT, after WW2 no people even for colonies could accept their national right being deprived.

Environmental Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Economics - Essay Example While for chemical contaminants this is done by assessing toxicological and epidemiological results, engineering or other disciplines are involved for other types. The second step is Dose-Response Estimation which in essence is the process of determining the magnitude of impact of a unit dose of the contaminant substance. The relation between dosage and possibility or incidence of the potentially adverse consequence is estimated. This is possibly one of the most complex steps of the entire risk assessment process particularly due to the fact that often the potential impacts on humans have to be extrapolated from the observed results on mice, rats etc thereby engendering the possibility of estimation errors. Also, the genetic or other differences between individuals imply that the hazard may be a stronger threat to a certain part of the human population thereby reducing the possibility of effective generalization of the results. Exposure Assessment attempts to identify the extent of human exposure to the substance given particular locations, lifestyles etc to quantify the likely doses of the substance that humans will be exposed to. Phthalates are identified as a particular class of multiple-function chemicals that are used in varieties of consumer as well as personal care goodsi. Due to the limited scope of this paper we shall discuss a very recently concluded assessment of phthalates in regard to possibility of contamination and risk particularly to children exposed to toys that used the substance as softeners. The research in late 1980s that showed that phthalates DEHP caused cancer in rodents exposed to very high doses and later another variant of phthalates known as DINP that was adopted as substitute for DEHP as softeners in toys though initially showed that it had not similar carcinogenic effects, did however cause liver damage to rodents, constitutes the first step of hazard identification in this case. It raised widespread

E-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

E-Commerce - Essay Example and use a variety of e-commerce applications, which make their businesses more efficient and help them to meet the most sophisticated customer needs. Generally, e-commerce applications cover a variety of systems and techniques, which businesses and entrepreneurs can use to meet their business and consumer objectives. Supply chain management, e-tailing and procurement, auction, commercial websites, and search engines are widely used to promote the popularity and efficiency of online businesses. In this context, a supply chain is, probably, the most popular and well-known form of e-commerce application. A supply chain can be generally defined as â€Å"a set of relationships between a number of companies who have a symbiotic relationship with each other in that one company supplies commodities or services to other companies which, in turn, supply commodities or services to other companies, and so on† (Kalakota & Robinson, 2005). That e-businesses all over the world apply to the benefits of supply chains is not surprising, for the latter have already become a conventional form of making business and an efficient instrument of establishing close relationships between suppliers and customers, as well as between them and their partners. However, supply chain management solutions would not suffice, to bring e-commerce to the current point of evolution: today, businesses and entrepreneurs online can use a variety of other applications, including e-tailing and procurement. E-tailing is a popular form of making business online, which implies the use of archetypal solutions similar to those at Amazon.com. E-tailing is the general form of selling goods online, and is often treated as a synonym to e-commerce, e-business, and business-to-customer transactions online. Amazon is, probably, the brightest example of how e-tailing works in practice: Amazon encompasses a variety of different applications and solutions that allow customers making purchases online, tracking their

I have to write a research paper on the evolution of crying

I have to write a on the evolution of crying - Research Paper Example It is the hope of this author that such an analysis will provide the reader with a greater understanding of human emotional/evolutionary responses as well as the means by which such responses are understood, translated, and acted upon by individuals. Naturally, an evolutionary understanding of the process of crying necessarily requires both a biological, physiological, psychological, and sociological approach. Accordingly, each of these approaches will be analyzed at some length been the preceding analysis. Likewise, in addition to analyzing Charles Darwin and his theories put forward in The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, current research within the past seven years on the topic will also be heavily relied upon in order to draw a level of inference an understanding on to the subject matter at hand. As with many forms of scientific analysis that seek to draw inference with regards to the early evolution of mankind, it is not always possible to draw directly upon the extant /hard evidence in order to prove the complexities surrounding such a level of emotional and survival – linked behavior. Rather, it is necessary to draw upon current evidence and help to link it to the needs based approach that has so often been proven to exist with regards to the biological process of evolution. ... Said Darwin in The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals, â€Å"The primary function of the secretion of tears, with some mucus, is to lubricate the surface of the eye, and a secondary one, as some believe, is to keep the nostrils damp, so that the inhaled air may be moist, and likewise to favorites power of smelling. But another, and at least equally important function of tears is to wash out particles of dust or other minute objects which make it into the eyes† (Darwin, 2007). From such an observation, the reader can easily determine that although Darwin was cognizant of the fact that human tears were an exhibition that was unique within the animal kingdom, he did not seem to place a very high-value on the way in which the emotional excretion of tears was important or relevant to the evolutionary process itself (Coulson, 2011). Naturally, such an oversight simplifies the expression of tears and calls into question why humans have developed such a response in such stark c ontrast to the other members of the animal kingdom. Ultimately, Darwin does not provide a reasonable rationale for this and such a question has been left up to more recent evolutionary research on to this topic. Although will not be the express purpose of this analysis to analyze other evolutionary interpretations, it must be understood that prior to the last 15 to 20 years, almost all evolutionary explanations surrounding human crying were concentric upon trying to define it as a necessary biological function that helps to lubricate mucous membranes, expunge the body of toxins, or other non-emotional or impact that can definitions and understandings of such an exhibition. However, recent research has helped to broaden the understanding and

Surgical lesion infection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Surgical lesion infection - Essay Example Preoperative hair removal is one of the risk factors associated with surgical site infection frequency. Orsi, Ferraro and Franchi (2005) discovered that hair removal using razor has a higher risk of surgical site infections. The use of clipping or depilatory creams is considered to be a better option. Furthermore, hair removal should be carried out immediately before surgery in order to decrease the risk of SSI. Tanner, Woodings and Moncaster (2006) also tested the hypothesis that preoperative hair removal is the cause of surgical site infection (SSI) in patients. However, the results demonstrated no dissimilarity in SSI between patients who have had undergone hair removal before surgery and those who have not. This study also supported the view that removal of hair using depilatory creams or clipping results in a few cases of SSI as compared to hair removal by with the help of a razor. Duggal , Beaumont and Jenkinson (2002) assert that it is essential to prevent and control infectio n in order to promote a safe environment which is a chief requirement of health care expert during clinical practice. Patients who are hospitalized are more likely to develop infections which can be due to organ transplantation, persistent procedures, immune suppressive drugs, etc. Damani (2003) states that nosocomial infections are the outcome of microbial growth in health care settings and negligence in procedures of infection control along with a weakened immunity system of patients. Bdareen (2011) explains that a study by WH shows high rates of nosocomial infections in ICUs and orthopedic and surgical wards. The common infections acquired in hospitals are urinary tract infection, infections of the gastrointestinal tract, skin and soft tissue disease, septicemia and infection of the lower respiratory tract. Widespread organisms are the general cause of most nosocomial infections. For instance, coliforms are the cause of urinary tract infections, S.aureus is the reason behind woun d infections, pneumonia is due to S.pneumonae and the most serious and fatal septicemia is due to S.aureus, S.epidermidis and coliforms. Hospital-Acquired versus Community-Acquired Bacteria. Online image. Available from

Universalism in Human Resource Management Is Dead Research Paper

Universalism in Human Resource Management Is Dead - Research Paper Example The last twenty five years have witnessed the field of human resource undergo huge changes in a bid to make it a scientific discipline with its own theories, assumptions and strategies. These developments led to the introduction of HRM in the MBA curriculum, leading to the discipline becoming a major part of business strategy development (Budhwar and Khatri, 2001). Questions began to emerge however regarding the nature of human resource management as a discipline with many scholars and businesses criticizing it for lacking in credible theoretical foundations. This led to development of Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM), a subfield of Human resource management that focuses on integrating the process of strategic management in to the field of human resource management. This led to development of three main theoretical perspectives or approaches in the discipline, namely universalistic, contingency and configurational approaches. The universalistic approach in Human resource ma nagement outlines the best practices in the field with the objective of encouraging application of those practices by companies and businesses across the globe and from different industries (Goodman & Truss, 2004). This perspective highlights the fact that there are some HRM practices that are certainly better than others. Companies should therefore focus on adopting these best strategies for their own success in implementation of their Human Resource Management strategies. Among some of the practices identified by the proponents of the universalistic Human resources perspective include seven strategies namely selective hiring, employment security, extensive hiring, self-management teams, extensive training, reduction of differences in status, information sharing and high salaries and wages based on the company’s performance. Universalists in Human Resource management believe that these strategies should be applied universally by all companies and that they are bound to lead to great success (Balogun, 2006). Another reason why Universalists promote the application of universal best practices is rooted in the scientific belief that the relationship between dependent and independent variable is always the same universally. It therefore does not matter where the industry is located of in which industry it is, since the relationship between human resource and success of the company is the same universally. In the second approach, the Contingency perspective, the application of Human Resource policies by any company must be consistent with the other policies and functions of the company. This perspective lays great emphasis on aligning HRM policies with company strategies based on the ‘best fit’ policy (Lewin, & Peters, 2006). The best fit policy posits that there are some Human resource policies that will fit better with the strategic functions and goals of the company. The company should therefore implement only those HR policies that better f it or merge with their general company strategies, policies and functions. Human Resource policies should be able to relate well with the companies lifecycle in order for them to be successful.

Burger King Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Burger King - Case Study Example The commercial also sampled reactions from real customers who were offered an alternative burger from competitor brands after they had placed orders for the whopper burger from Burger King. This commercial went viral online and further its popularity was enhanced by television commercials and adverts online and in print. The blend of the online viral and television campaigns is indeed the genius part in Burger King’s â€Å"Whopper Freakout† marketing campaign. This marketing strategy captured larger markets than online or television campaigns, each used on their own, would capture (Eick). The television commercial was viewed by thousands and thousands of people and the marketing message reached not just the typical whopper bugger fan but so many other people who could potentially begin to prefer the whopper burger to other brand burgers. Burger King’s utilization of the â€Å"Whopper Freakout† television commercial in strategic slots such as during breaks in major sports tournaments was another genius move that captured the attention of numerous Burger King’s male customers and sports enthusiasts who were fans of the whopper bugger. The online campaign in the form of the viral video was also another brilliant move by Burger King. Although quite different in concept than other viral videos, the â€Å"Whopper Freakout† online campaign generated over 1.3 million views of the original 7.5 minute video (Eick). Reactions from real customers in the video â€Å"hit home† more for viewers whose reactions largely ranged between increased loyalty to the whopper bugger and interest in it from audiences who had not previously ordered the whopper bugger (Eick). It is also clear that Burger King’s â€Å"Whopper Freakout† campaign also hit the mark when buzz created from the television and online campaigns served to generate more interest on the video posted on Burger King’s whopperfreakout.com website and o n YouTube. The success of this marketing campaign can also be seen on analysis of how popular online searches for the keywords â€Å"whopper burger† and other words related to this product were in the period following the launch of the campaign. When considering online statistics, this marketing campaign is easily termed as brilliant based on how its online popularity, soon after the campaign was launched, ranked higher than the online popularity of one of the 2008 U.S top presidential candidates, Hillary Clinton, at the same period of a peak political event. The hits for the â€Å"Whopper Freakout† video on whopperfreakout.com were ranked above the hits on hillaryclinto.com from people searching for information on this presidential candidate (Eick). On negative analysis, could Burger King’s marketing campaign have advertised the whopper burger so much to the loss of popularity of other products in its chain? There is a chance that this could have been the upsho t of the â€Å"Whopper Freakout† campaign. It could also show that Burger King achieved its marketing goal of proving that the whopper burger was central to the American food culture. Burger King’s â€Å"Whopper Freakout† campaign gave a whole new meaning to viral marketing and what it can do for a business and its products. From the Burger King case as well as from an entire marketing perspective, viral marketing has its pros and cons. Viral marketing is a great way for a business to gain exposure

M-Commerce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

M-Commerce - Essay Example The technology of cell phone is rapidly becoming the most well-liked device intended for browsing the Internet. Through this technology most of the people are frequently log-on to Internet and search for the information regarding a business, entertainment, and other Medias (Kitch, 2009).  The term and technology of the mobile commerce is utilized to outline the emerging practice of conducting promotional and financial activities by means of the utilization of a wireless handheld device. The term mobile commerce is recognizing as the transactions can be conducted by means of personal digital assistants (PDAs), cell phones and other hand held devices that can work by means of Internet access. The technology and implementation of the M-Commerce has been the most sophisticated technology that is operational nowadays and going to enhance more and more day by day (Tatum, 2009). Mobile-Commerce can be described as a technique or tool that offers the facility of the selling and buying of g oods, products as well as services through mobile phones or wireless handheld devices (like that cellular telephone, personal digital assistants, etc.) (Wang, Song, Lei, & Sheriff, 2005) and (TechTarget, 2003). Presently the technology of the Mobile-Commerce is recognized as the next-generation e-commerce. Through the Mobile-Commerce technology a user can access the web without requiring and discovering a place to plug in the huge system. The rising technology behind Mobile-Commerce, which is based on the WAP or Wireless Application Protocol, has made far bigger paces in Europe, where mobile devices operational by means of Web-ready micro-browsers are greatly widespread than in the United States (TechTarget, 2003). However (Stafford & Gillenson, 2003) differentiate between E-commerce and M-commerce by saying that, E-commerce is generally deals with the activities of buying and selling, on the other

Medical Terminology Weekly Reflection Week Two Essay Example for Free

Medical Terminology Weekly Reflection Week Two Essay In this week’s learning, I learned from Readings and Lectures from Chapter Two and Four. In Chapter Two I learned, The Medical Terms of the different Anatomical Planes, Directions, and Body Regions. I learned the individual body systems into the organization and functions of the body as a whole. I learned How to comprehend, spell, and write medical terms pertaining to the body as a whole so I can communicate and document medical terms accurately and precisely. I learned to recognize and pronounce medical terms pertaining to the body as a whole so that I can communicate verbally with accuracy and precision. Fellow Classmates and I had to discuss the different types of Bone Disorders and how we can prevent them. Learning the different types of Bone Disorders was one of many medical sources that I didn’t know much about. After this week’s Bone Disorder discussion I now know that there are many types of Bone Disorders and what the causes and effects are from them. In this week’s course assignments, I learned from a Chapter Review, Chapter Quiz, Connect Activity, and the introduction of the Final Portfolio Assignment Research Paper. Learning from the Chapter Review, it was a hundred multiple questions about the chapters and lectures of this week. I learned from the Chapter Quiz which was also a final review of this week’s material learning. I learned from the Connect Activity by completing the assignment modules of this week’s learning material. I was introduced to my final portfolio project consists the assignment instructions and grading rubric for a research paper which is due in week seven. In this week’s learning, I can apply each aspect of my learning from chapter readings, lectures, discussions, and class assignments through my personal, professional, and academics life. Personally, I’m gaining information about what my body can do and how it is done. Professionally, I will use each of the medical terms and knowing the medical information throughout my career. Academically, I’m sure I’ll use my knowledge of learning from this course to another course too.

Pros & Cons Essay Example for Free

Pros Cons Essay Most wireline phone companies charge more than what youd pay for most alternatives, and some are taxed more as well. There are some locations where getting new wired phone service is prohibitively expensive or even impossible. Long Distance and extra features like Call Waiting are normally included with alternative phones. More Features: Cellular and broadband phones normally include Long Distance, Voice Mail, Caller ID, Call Forwarding and more, usually at no additional charge. They also have Text Messaging and various forms of data service which are unavailable with a landline. Portability: If you move your home more than average (or if its on wheels), your phone and your number can stay with you. There are no installation charges. Temporary Usage: You can have phone service for the season in a vacation home or cabin, or on an extended stay at a hotel or home of a friend or relative without installing a separate line. Unlimited Plans: Most alternatives offer a plan that includes Unlimited talk minutes and Long Distance, including cellular. Most cellular carriers have eliminated Unlimited Data plans, although there are some that include Data with some other restrictions. Anonymity: You can easily set up an account (especially prepaid cellular) with either no name or an alternative identity. Fewer Telemarketers: Nuisance calls are reduced because telemarketers want to target customers in certain geographic areas. They wont know where you are. Most telcos provide your landline number to telemarketers. With cellular its illegal for now. With broadband, it depends on the carrier who sets up your number. Internet Access: Your wireless phone can also be your connection to the Internet, either with an internal browser or tethered to your computer, and available wherever there is cellular coverage. Wireless broadband is also available separate from your cellular account. Wi-Fi for Multiple Devices: You can get a cellular modem that provides a wi-fi signal that can connect to up to 5 separate wi-fi devices. Its Green: Replace your fax with an Internet-based fax service like eFax or MyFax. com and stop wasting paper and ink. (Give your old fax to charity) Attitude: Some wired phone companies just treat their customers badly. Sometimes it feels better to leave at any price. Take your broadband wherever you go A mobile broadband connection is exactly that, which means that you can access your emails, check the sports results or watch YouTube videos no matter where you are, provided you have 3G reception. Stop paying for line rental Millions of people continue to pay for line rental on a home phone landline that they rarely use, just so that they can get broadband at home. With mobile broadband, theres no need to pay line rental potentially saving you over ? 100 a year. Plug and play technology All the software you need to connect to the internet is automatically installed when you first plug your USB modem into your laptop no need to set it up or call a technical support helpline. Flexible options available Mobile broadband customers can take advantage of some really great pay as you go tariffs from as little as ? 2 a day, or rolling one-month packages, meaning they only ever pay for what they actually need. Cons: Safety: If you need to call 911, public safety authorities wont automatically know where you are, youll have to tell them. Also, calls with alternative phones will not necessarily be routed to the closest agency. Also, you wont receive Reverse 911 calls alerting you to a public emergency in your neighborhood unless your local emergency center allows you to sign up your number and associate it with a local address. Security: Some businesses will not allow you to use their services without a traceable land line. This includes credit card companies, pizza shops and a few others, although this rule is slowly being relaxed. Satellite TV services want a landline-like plug for their equipment to call them each night. It does work with some broadband phone systems. Your satellite service can still work without it, but you will most likely pay an extra charge. Reliability: Wired telephone services have come as close to 100% reliable as is practical. Their network has substantial power backup, redundant circuits and years to get it right. Alternatives are improving but their networks can vary significantly. Cell sites and other communications nodes have a limited amount of backup power. In an extended power outage, such as after a hurricane or snowstorm, the service may not work, leaving you with no service. Corded phones work in power failures. Cable phones also have a lower level of reliability. Sound Quality: Some alternative phones dont sound the same or as good as a landline. While your alternative phone may sound fine to you, it may be difficult for others. Also, some broadband phone services just dump their audio into the Internet resulting in widely varying data travel times giving you significant sound delays. Lack of Service: You may be in a location where there are no wireless broadband alternatives or may have poor cellular coverage. This might be rectified by adding a cell site to your home. Broadband Speeds: While there are some fairly fast wireless broadband connections, it may be some time before they will compare to wired or cable connections. Malfunctions: Cell sites can stop working for various reasons. Repairs often need to be made on site and may take time. Broadband services require one or more pieces of equipment at your house which you will need to fix if it fails. Wireline equipment can normally be repaired at the central office. Murphys Law says breakdowns will happen at the worst possible time. You Have No Backup: Unless you have an extra cellular phone, if something happens to your main phone or its associated equipment, or your account, you cant just plug another phone into the wall. Inconvenience: Some alternative services only offer a single jack for one phone. If you want service throughout the house you either must go wi-fi or cellular. Otherwise, plan on using the phone near your computer or router. With a cell phone you need to keep it close to you if your home is large or on multiple floors. It Might be Difficult to Get a Job: Some employers require a Local number to consider you for a position. While you can change your out-of-town portable number to something local, there goes your Number For Life. Surprise Costs. Since you normally pay for cellular by the minute, you might talk a lot more than you think. Savings may be less than you expected when calculated long term. Broadband carriers are not regulated like wireline services and could make changes that you dont expect. You Wont Be Listed in the Phone Book. Some directories let you to pay for a personal listing, but others use that as a way to keep you as a landline customer. Alarm systems. Most existing dial-up alarm systems dont work with broadband phone connections. There are other alarm alternatives, including wireless. You May Not Be Able to Send or Receive Faxes. In some cases, faxing is not an issue. In others, you cant just plug in your fax machine. A better choice is to to use a paperless, web-based service like eFax or MyFax. com. Low download limits Even the most generous of mobile broadband tariffs only offer a download allowance of 15GB per month, and that could set you back ? AÂ  month on a two-year contract, while typical value packages offer less than 5GB a month. High costs for exceeding your limit Most mobile broadband providers charge a fee when you exceed your download limit. This is normally several pence per MB and costs can very quickly add up if youre not careful. Always keep an eye on your usage. Slower connections Although suppliers might advertise speeds of up to 10 or 12Mb, mobile broadband speeds rarely exceed the average of around 1Mb. This, combined with the tight usage limits, makes mobile broadband unsuitable for large downloads. Coverage Most of the UK is covered by the 3G mobile network, but coverage can be patchy in some rural areas, with speeds significantly slower in some parts of the country, so you should always check coverage in your area before signing up. PROS OF FIXED LINE NETWORK Reliability Land line/fix line phones can be more reliable than their cellular counterparts. Disconnected cables can disable land lines, but these problems are easily remedied. On the other hand, cellular phones are plagued by several different issues because they rely on a network of radio waves, cellular towers and satellites. In some areas, cellular service is plagued by dropped calls and fuzzy reception. Emergencies The reliability of land line phones makes them advantageous when it comes to emergencies. For example, if someone is hurt and needs immediate medical care, you do not have to worry about contending with poor reception. Land lines also provide a fixed location that emergency responders can rush to. On a cell phone, you must state your address or describe your location, which wastes precious time during a crisis. Sponsored Links

Pros & Cons Essay Example for Free

Pros Cons Essay Most wireline phone companies charge more than what youd pay for most alternatives, and some are taxed more as well. There are some locations where getting new wired phone service is prohibitively expensive or even impossible. Long Distance and extra features like Call Waiting are normally included with alternative phones. More Features: Cellular and broadband phones normally include Long Distance, Voice Mail, Caller ID, Call Forwarding and more, usually at no additional charge. They also have Text Messaging and various forms of data service which are unavailable with a landline. Portability: If you move your home more than average (or if its on wheels), your phone and your number can stay with you. There are no installation charges. Temporary Usage: You can have phone service for the season in a vacation home or cabin, or on an extended stay at a hotel or home of a friend or relative without installing a separate line. Unlimited Plans: Most alternatives offer a plan that includes Unlimited talk minutes and Long Distance, including cellular. Most cellular carriers have eliminated Unlimited Data plans, although there are some that include Data with some other restrictions. Anonymity: You can easily set up an account (especially prepaid cellular) with either no name or an alternative identity. Fewer Telemarketers: Nuisance calls are reduced because telemarketers want to target customers in certain geographic areas. They wont know where you are. Most telcos provide your landline number to telemarketers. With cellular its illegal for now. With broadband, it depends on the carrier who sets up your number. Internet Access: Your wireless phone can also be your connection to the Internet, either with an internal browser or tethered to your computer, and available wherever there is cellular coverage. Wireless broadband is also available separate from your cellular account. Wi-Fi for Multiple Devices: You can get a cellular modem that provides a wi-fi signal that can connect to up to 5 separate wi-fi devices. Its Green: Replace your fax with an Internet-based fax service like eFax or MyFax. com and stop wasting paper and ink. (Give your old fax to charity) Attitude: Some wired phone companies just treat their customers badly. Sometimes it feels better to leave at any price. Take your broadband wherever you go A mobile broadband connection is exactly that, which means that you can access your emails, check the sports results or watch YouTube videos no matter where you are, provided you have 3G reception. Stop paying for line rental Millions of people continue to pay for line rental on a home phone landline that they rarely use, just so that they can get broadband at home. With mobile broadband, theres no need to pay line rental potentially saving you over ? 100 a year. Plug and play technology All the software you need to connect to the internet is automatically installed when you first plug your USB modem into your laptop no need to set it up or call a technical support helpline. Flexible options available Mobile broadband customers can take advantage of some really great pay as you go tariffs from as little as ? 2 a day, or rolling one-month packages, meaning they only ever pay for what they actually need. Cons: Safety: If you need to call 911, public safety authorities wont automatically know where you are, youll have to tell them. Also, calls with alternative phones will not necessarily be routed to the closest agency. Also, you wont receive Reverse 911 calls alerting you to a public emergency in your neighborhood unless your local emergency center allows you to sign up your number and associate it with a local address. Security: Some businesses will not allow you to use their services without a traceable land line. This includes credit card companies, pizza shops and a few others, although this rule is slowly being relaxed. Satellite TV services want a landline-like plug for their equipment to call them each night. It does work with some broadband phone systems. Your satellite service can still work without it, but you will most likely pay an extra charge. Reliability: Wired telephone services have come as close to 100% reliable as is practical. Their network has substantial power backup, redundant circuits and years to get it right. Alternatives are improving but their networks can vary significantly. Cell sites and other communications nodes have a limited amount of backup power. In an extended power outage, such as after a hurricane or snowstorm, the service may not work, leaving you with no service. Corded phones work in power failures. Cable phones also have a lower level of reliability. Sound Quality: Some alternative phones dont sound the same or as good as a landline. While your alternative phone may sound fine to you, it may be difficult for others. Also, some broadband phone services just dump their audio into the Internet resulting in widely varying data travel times giving you significant sound delays. Lack of Service: You may be in a location where there are no wireless broadband alternatives or may have poor cellular coverage. This might be rectified by adding a cell site to your home. Broadband Speeds: While there are some fairly fast wireless broadband connections, it may be some time before they will compare to wired or cable connections. Malfunctions: Cell sites can stop working for various reasons. Repairs often need to be made on site and may take time. Broadband services require one or more pieces of equipment at your house which you will need to fix if it fails. Wireline equipment can normally be repaired at the central office. Murphys Law says breakdowns will happen at the worst possible time. You Have No Backup: Unless you have an extra cellular phone, if something happens to your main phone or its associated equipment, or your account, you cant just plug another phone into the wall. Inconvenience: Some alternative services only offer a single jack for one phone. If you want service throughout the house you either must go wi-fi or cellular. Otherwise, plan on using the phone near your computer or router. With a cell phone you need to keep it close to you if your home is large or on multiple floors. It Might be Difficult to Get a Job: Some employers require a Local number to consider you for a position. While you can change your out-of-town portable number to something local, there goes your Number For Life. Surprise Costs. Since you normally pay for cellular by the minute, you might talk a lot more than you think. Savings may be less than you expected when calculated long term. Broadband carriers are not regulated like wireline services and could make changes that you dont expect. You Wont Be Listed in the Phone Book. Some directories let you to pay for a personal listing, but others use that as a way to keep you as a landline customer. Alarm systems. Most existing dial-up alarm systems dont work with broadband phone connections. There are other alarm alternatives, including wireless. You May Not Be Able to Send or Receive Faxes. In some cases, faxing is not an issue. In others, you cant just plug in your fax machine. A better choice is to to use a paperless, web-based service like eFax or MyFax. com. Low download limits Even the most generous of mobile broadband tariffs only offer a download allowance of 15GB per month, and that could set you back ? AÂ  month on a two-year contract, while typical value packages offer less than 5GB a month. High costs for exceeding your limit Most mobile broadband providers charge a fee when you exceed your download limit. This is normally several pence per MB and costs can very quickly add up if youre not careful. Always keep an eye on your usage. Slower connections Although suppliers might advertise speeds of up to 10 or 12Mb, mobile broadband speeds rarely exceed the average of around 1Mb. This, combined with the tight usage limits, makes mobile broadband unsuitable for large downloads. Coverage Most of the UK is covered by the 3G mobile network, but coverage can be patchy in some rural areas, with speeds significantly slower in some parts of the country, so you should always check coverage in your area before signing up. PROS OF FIXED LINE NETWORK Reliability Land line/fix line phones can be more reliable than their cellular counterparts. Disconnected cables can disable land lines, but these problems are easily remedied. On the other hand, cellular phones are plagued by several different issues because they rely on a network of radio waves, cellular towers and satellites. In some areas, cellular service is plagued by dropped calls and fuzzy reception. Emergencies The reliability of land line phones makes them advantageous when it comes to emergencies. For example, if someone is hurt and needs immediate medical care, you do not have to worry about contending with poor reception. Land lines also provide a fixed location that emergency responders can rush to. On a cell phone, you must state your address or describe your location, which wastes precious time during a crisis. Sponsored Links