Maintaining Race and Ethnic Identity Essay

The world we are living is very dynamic and exhibits various types of movements for both plants and animals including humans. History insinuates that man practiced considerable movements from one place to another since its first existence. This movement from one locality to another is referred to as migration. Migration can be 1) internal which is within the country, state or continent and maybe 2) international which crosses boundaries to other country, state or continent. With the development of technology and globalization, international migration continues to increase over the past decades. In 1960, there were 76 million international migrants and increased to 191 million international migrants in 2006. It was noted that a relatively high migration rate is from 1985 to 1990. Generally, ethnic identity diversifies according to the length of distance and therefore international migration increases the gap of connectivity in relation to ethnicity. Human migration can be classified as permanent or semi-permanent depending on their reasons which maybe voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary migration is generally practiced in search for a â€Å"greener pasture† and satisfaction of one’s preferences. This includes employment, climate, food supply, self development like education, religion and family. Involuntary migration, on the other hand, includes migration due to calamity, political conditions like when in war or in exile, slave trades or human trafficking and ethnic cleansing. (Boyd, 2003) Refugees can eventually be immigrants. Based from Human Migration Guide of the National Geographic Society, â€Å"A refugee is a person who is residing outside the country of his or her origin due to fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. † (â€Å"What is Human Migration? † 2005) . This involuntary migration results to a hefty impact on self identity rather than voluntary migration. Human migration has taken a major participation in shaping and honing the present status of the population. It allows the diffusion and combination of the structures, cultures, beliefs, ideas, principles, religion, and other traits which results to the modification of each others traits. Rejection of the integration, however, sometimes results to conflict that may cause decline of socio-cultural capital and values. Although immigrants tend to maintain their ethnic identity and cultures at home, the children of the second, third generation is common or comparable with generations of the host country. This means that these generations are highly acculturated to the host community and country. Intentional or not intentional, this is in response to their quest for belongingness. On the other hand, some immigrants give high regard to their culture which is linked to nationalism. Some may even believe that there is no other culture than theirs and fail to recognize cultures of other immigrants within the community. Some host countries like Western European nations and Japan are deeply concern about the effect of these immigrants on their culture and ethnic identity which can be compromised. Oftentimes, conflict such as racial discrimination exist and become the subject of debates. Different countries have their own policies regarding immigration. Other countries begin to recognize immigrants with different race and cultures. They are respected in preserving their respective cultures and interact peacefully within one nation. This official policy is known as multiculturalism and can be seen in Canada, Australia and the U. K. It is also called as the cultural mosaic of different ethnic groups. Nevertheless, immigrant groups are still encouraged to learn the language of the host country and participate in the activities of the major society including labor force. However, this policy gained many criticisms such as it divides the people even there is a need to be united on certain social issues and justices. Debates on immigration law and racism are still on-going issues of every host country.

The Differences Between Parliamentary & Presidential System

Differences between Parliamentary system and Presidential system [Judiciary] In relating both systems, parliamentary and presidential systems are currently using different judiciary system to enforce law in society. Before entering judiciary segment, it is essential to understand the definition of judiciary where it can be noted that:- â€Å"†¦Judiciary is commonly considered the third branch of government. It stabilizes the political system by solving disputes involving the country’s law†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Barrington, 2010, p. 280) â€Å"†¦It is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  John Marshall cited in (Woll, 1992, p. 51) From this definition above, the judiciary simply implies the body or branch that play important role in interpretation of the law and solving matters relating to legal issue. Both Parliamentary and Presidential system does also exhibit Judiciary bodies but portrays different function to one another where it can be noted that:- In United Kingdom: – â€Å"†¦Their jurisdiction over civil cases extended to the United Kingdom as a whole but only for England, Wales and Northern Island in criminal†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Barrington, 2010, p. 85) Meaning to say that â€Å"Law of Lords† have jurisdiction in for the whole states in United Kingdom, but in England, Wales, and Northern Island the Law of Lord are function in decision making of criminal cases. This different with United States of America which is â€Å"†¦The doctrine of separation of power operates on two levels. On the national level, the authority of the federal government is divided among three distinct competitive and mutually involved branches. On another level, power is split between national and state government†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Woll, 1992, p. 255)From the quotation above show that separations of power have two levels, for the first level is in the federal government have three branches whic h are Legislature, Judiciary and Executive that different with each other but it actually involved each other to ensure that the government run smoothly. Another difference between these two countries is the Constitution. In United Kingdom constitutional are unwritten that is different with United States of America that have written Constitution from the beginning of United State are founded. Law in United States of America are recorded.In United Kingdom the House of Lords are consisting twelve â€Å"Lords of Appeal in Ordinary† that also called â€Å"Law of Lords†. In United Kingdom are applying the independence of judiciary which is needed to be:- United Kingdom:- â€Å"†¦insulated from scrutiny, general accountability for their role or properly made public criticisms of conduct inside or outside the court room†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Lords, 2007, p. 13) Contra with United States of America that:- â€Å"Although the states were no longer equal to the central governmen t, they still retained a fair amount of sovereignty.As long as they did not conflict with the Constitution of Federal laws, state laws were supreme within each state, that is, within its own domain†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Woll, 1992, p. 257) Meaning to say that judiciary in United Kingdom are isolated from the Executive and Parliament in way to protected it from be review and need to criticise in proper way wherever outside or inside the courts room. In United Kingdom legal system are based on three sources that are Case Law, Legislation and Statutory of Laws (Act of Parliament).In the other hand United States of America there are Federalism and the Judiciary. Judiciary in State and National have issue on sovereignty and have been settling by Civil War which is bringing the inequalities to the states then central government. From the statement above can show that the judiciary part in United States of America which is both state and federal government have a same sovereignty in this country as long as the law are not contradict with Constitution of Federal law.This is different with United Kingdom that used the Fusion of power which is all branch of government are mixed up each other because in United Kingdom are using the parliamentary system. Administration of law in United Kingdom is different with United States of America, this can shown in:- â€Å"†¦The United Kingdom does not have a single body of law applicable throughout the kingdom. Scotland has it is own distinctive system and courts, and in Northern Ireland certain spheres of law differ in substance from those operating in England and Wales.The main civil courts in England and Wales are: †¢ Magistrates' Courts †¢ County Courts for small cases and †¢The High Court, which is divided into †¢ The Chancery Division, †¢ The Family Division, and †¢ The Queen's Bench Division (including the maritime and commercial courts), for the more important cases†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (The United Kin gdom Judicial System) But in United States of America the courts that operating are:- â€Å"†¦Supreme Courts consisted of six justices, who rode the circuit as judges of the Courts of Appeals.The courts was reduced to five members at one time and expended to ten at another. Since 1869, The Supreme Courts has consistently had nine members. And since 1891, the justices have no had to serve on courts of appeal, although each justice has some responsibilities with at least one appeals court†¦ † (Woll, 1992, p. 268) The differences are can be shown when comparing the administration on judiciary branch. In United States of America the judiciary branches are administered by congress because:- â€Å"†¦Generally, Congress determines the jurisdiction of the federal courts.In some cases, however — such as in the example of a dispute between two or more U. S. states — the Constitution grants the Supreme Court original jurisdiction, an authority that cannot b e stripped by Congress†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Judicial Branch) This showed us that the jurisdiction branches are dependable on congress to make an issue or solving problem regarding law for United States of America. Conclusion Conclusion that can be made from both of the countries in judiciary system are the system are totally different each other.The differences can be seen on the jurisdiction of judiciary branch, function of judiciary branch in both system that is parliamentary system and presidential system, type of Constitution, and administration of judiciary branch in United Kingdom and United State of America. The judiciary branch in both systems is totally different function in making or interprets law, because there are no similarities in judiciary for both system and countries. The comparison that been made useful to studying the differences roles of judiciary in different system of government and countries.

Books: Digestion and Best Friend Essay

Books Books are the best friend a person can have. For they are the kind of friends that are never disloyal. A person is never going to feel alone or bored in the presence of books. So, books can be read out of passion as a hobby or to gain knowledge and information. For that, some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed; and some few to be chewed and digested. There are certain types of books which can only be tasted. To taste a book is just to have some sensations out of reading it which may be like or dislike it and it stops there without any further clinging to it, so the taste can be good or bad. Novels, dramas, short or long stories all belongs to this category because readers may like or dislike what they are reading. Nonetheless, it is doubtful whether they are going to remember any or some of them. For example, when I was fifteen years old, I read Agatha’s Christie Hickory Dickory Dock. I admit that I do not remember the events at all but what I remember is liking it very much. Another example is pride and prejudice by Jane Austen, I loved it very much when I studied it but now I cannot remember all the events, but only some. For my friends, some of them do not remember the events at all and others remember some of them. For the second kind some books are to be swallowed. When one swallows an antibiotic capsules, he does not swallow it because of liking it but because it is necessary for his health. Researches, educational books, law books and many others belong to this category. For me I hate reading researches and scientific articles but I have to read it when I am asked to do a research. For some friends of mine, educational books such: history, geography and biology books are some of their worst nightmares. However, they have to go through them because of their grades. This category books are like multiplication tables to a child. One does not like going through this kind of books but has to because of his own benefit whether it is educational or informational benefit. Then, the third type of books which are to be chewed and digested. To chew any kind of food is to grind it with one’s teeth. There is no hurry in this process, he should grind every bit of the food in his mouth to make it easy to digest. This process is applicable to books. To this category belong grammar books, phonetics books, religion books, poetry and great and complex drama such as Shakespeare’s and Aristotle. These books or works are timeless and difficult to understand at once. They need a lot of time, meditation and contemplation to be fully understood and absorbed. For example, grammatical rules needs time and practice to be understood. Other example is Qur’an it is almost impossible to understand it if one’s read it in a rush. This special book needs lots of meditation and contemplation to understand all of its meanings. For me I faced some difficulties when I studied phonetics because I did not know how to study it. Actually, I did not know that I should study it with my full attention focused on it. However, when I knew, it became one of my favorite courses. Grammar and phonetics books are troublesome to my colleagues. Because they need lots of time and concentration in class and they do not like to do that. Nevertheless, these kind of books are needed to enrich our knowledge and to make us used of concentration. Books are one’s best friend. It is impossible to feel bored in the presence of them. they are essential to develop one’s information and enrich his mind with knowledge. It does not matter witch kind of books one’s read because they all have information inside of them. Whether the book is from to be tasted kind, to be swallowed kind or to be chewed and digested kind.

Combat Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Combat Operations - Essay Example This theory evolved as far back as industrial age. Like mechanical sciences, Clausewitz's Center of Gravity is not a point of strength but a focal point where physical forces act or come together. Thus it is not a capability based warfare but an effect based warfare. As in physics, any force that acts on the center of gravity of an object has a profound effect on the object as a whole. Hence, if similar force is applied militarily on the center of gravity of a nation, it will have a far more dramatic effect not only on military of the adversary but also the nation as such. Since Clausewitz's war is nothing else but a direct extension of national policy, it will also bring about the desired results much faster than any other means. Further, Clausewitz did not classify CoGs as Strategic, Operational or Tactical. The whole system functioned as one united entity, and any effect was felt on the total system rather than on individual units. On the other hand, Liddell Hart during World War I suggested a strategy that was designed to upset the opponent's morale and confuse his thinking process well before even bringing him on the battlefield, or forcing a defeat without clash of arms. He thus advocate"In most campaigns the dislocation of the enemy's psychological and physical balance has been the vital prelude to a successful attempt at his overthrow." (Liddell Hart, 1929) He thus advocated attack along a line of lesser expectations like base, communication network, road or rail links thereby mystify, mislead and surprise the enemy. Guerilla warfare employed by many rulers across the world used this strategy very successfully when fighting against much larger and stronger adversaries. The effect to be sought is the dislocation of the opponent's mind and dispositions - such an effect is the true gauge of an indirect approach. -Sir Basil H. Liddel-Hart (Strategy, 1954) The Comparison As both the theories are based on entirely different concepts, it is a bit difficult to compare them across the table and satisfactorily come out with a justifiable and clear victor. The strategy to be chosen in this respect can be arrived at only after all the mitigating circumstances have been evaluated and a consensus arrived at after a deliberate appreciation of the situation. However, in most cases of modern warfare, it can be stated that countries prefer to opt for Center of Gravity option due to one simple reason, that most modern wars have been initiated by the militarily stronger nations against a perpetually irksome adversary, and these wars had clear and well-stated objectives, whether it was Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) in 1971, Falklands in 1982, or Iraq during the two Gulf wars. The attackers in these situations had a clear military superiority, well-established reasons for going into war and followed specific strategies. Further, the attacking power was so strong i n most cases that the outcome of the war was never in doubt. The only aspect under doubt was the time factor and the military losses on both sides. Hence, in such cases, it can be

There Are No Children Here Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

There Are No Children Here - Assignment Example trating great unwillingness to leave the place at the high point in the city significantly related to my personal life and also affected me personally. Pharaoh is a young boy of only nine at that time when he goes with his brother and other boys to that high point in the city from where they could watch the downtown skyline. The children go there looking for snakes, but Pharaoh gets distracted by nature as they are about to leave when the night begins to fall. This small moment in Pharaoh’s life moved me on a personal level and made me feel nostalgic of my own childhood. When I was about nine or ten myself, I suffered the loss of my grandfather with whom I was really close emotionally and psychologically. He was the most influential figure in my life because he was there for me always when my parents due to their hectic working schedules could not make it. When I lost him to a case of heart disease, I became very gloomy and used to feel tired all the time. However, one day my parents took me for hiking at a hilly area which is known for boasting some very natural and beautiful views. I remember how being at that place made me feel exactly like Pharaoh felt in that scene from the story. That moment breaks my heart and reminisces of my own past when the little boy cannot bring himself to leave the place because he is so engrossed in the view of diving sparrows returning to their nests and the smell of wildflowers that the harsh realities of real life totally release him from their shackles for a while. Adolescents have raw minds which explains why they are so impressionable. They are highly receptive to what their surroundings have to offer which can be good or bad. For Pharaoh, the environment of the bad neighborhood in which destiny forced him to live offered him bad memories to escape which he longed to stay forever at the place which offered overwhelmingly beautiful views of birds and nature. Similarly, the death of my grandfather m ade me hung up on the time I

Hindu and Budhist thought Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hindu and Budhist thought - Term Paper Example According to philosophers, both Buddhism and Hinduism go beyond religion and thus, they are more of a way of life or philosophy. The two are termed as a philosophy since philosophy has been accepted to imply love of wisdom. According to philosophers, the Buddhist path is interpreted as leading a moral life, being mindful, as well as being aware of actions and thoughts and being able to develop understanding and wisdom. On the other hand, Buddhism is a religion that is indigenous in the Indian subcontinent encompassing a variety of beliefs, practices and traditions largely based upon the teachings that are attributed to Siddhartha Gautama. Hinduism, on the other hand, is a representative of a diverse and broad philosophy imbedded within the Hindu religion. Hinduism rests upon the trantric and vedic traditions with the vedic traditions being represented within the veda’s. Hinduism or Vedanta has been a worldwide, age-old popular religion with an immense following making it be ra nked third among the world religions. It is based on certain beliefs, and it is one of the most mingled religions in the world. Unlike other world, religions, it is preached by various religious organizations and believes in multi-doctrines. Hinduism is a religion, a tradition, a culture, a philosophy, and a way of leading life in the name of some spiritual being. The followers of Hinduism believe in both animals and humans’ spirits, as well as in life after death. They draw their energies from the Goddesses and Gods Idols, in which they believe, and symbolize the existence of God on earth.

Article Analysis Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Analysis - Lab Report Example According to the article the new generation of Americans is mainly theory Y because they do not feel the need to avoid work but rather they need something other than monetary gains to keep them going, they need praise and instant feed back which goes to show that they are motivated to work but the motivation needs to be pumped in the form of continuous praise. This is evident by the example cited in the article of the ‘scooter store’ which employees a ‘celebrations assistant’ with a job description of throwing confetti at employees and giving them hi fives at work and praising them for even minor achievements. The article discusses the labor market aspect of the external environment and it is obviously quite a major change because companies have to adapt to the needs of their employees with regards to every thing ranging from monetary issues to issues regarding their psychological health, this article discusses an issue that is some what not a regular one am ong the corporate world, it looks into the history of how the contemporary work force has been brought up and what their needs are in the corporate world, this obviously has very important ramifications. Companies have dealt with this change in various fashions, they have come up with ‘celebrations assistants’ whose job is to motivate employees by telling them what a great job they are doing, companies have also consulted ‘thank you gurus’ who help them by giving away innovative ideas to thank their employees which helps in a big way to motivate them, the article also highlights a very important point that the contemporary employee expects immediate feedback, if feed back is delayed then the employees think they haven’t been up to the mark and hence are disheartened. This obviously has a major effect on the culture of the corporate world because visible and invisible aspects both have to be targeted

Fire Safety Legislations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fire Safety Legislations - Essay Example Many fire safety legislations have come into practice in recent decades and have reduced injury, death and calamity. Fire Precautions Act 1971 was the first exclusively fire devoted act and this was the result of the Report of the Holroyd Committee in 1970 which recommended that the law pertaining to fire safety should come under two branches: one that would apply to new and altered premises and other, to apply exclusively to premises that were already occupied. Committee found it so important that fire safety regulations should branch out to become more effective and understood by people, and this was necessary looking at the risk involved. In july 2002, the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister issued a Consolidation paper for further reforms on fire fighting legislation and amending wherever necessary, with a view to make it more understandable and less intimidating. New legislations are proposed to be introduced, dropping the certification which was made compulsory under the Fire P recautions Act 1971. Next major piece of regulation was The Fire Precautions (Workplace) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 to be followed by The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 and this Report tries to map the differences and similarities between them. "Houses occupied as single private dwellings are exempt, but the fire authority has powers to make it compulsory for some dwellings to be covered by a fire certificate" http://www.healthandsafety.co.uk/firep.htm Premises that require a fire certificate were many and for those premises, obtaining a certificate became mandatory. "The use of certain types of premises has been designated by the Secretary of State as requiring a fire certificate under the Fire Precautions Act 1971 (in Northern Ireland under the Fire Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1984 as amended). There are two designating orders in force in Great Britain - one relates to larger hotels and boarding houses; the other to those factories, offices, shops and railway premises in which people are employed to work" http://www.communities.gov.uk/index.aspid=1124874 Mainly these applied to non-domestic premises and the intention was reducing death and injury and damage. Provisions for reasonable means of escape, inspection were made and officers are entitled to take action to enforce the act. This was further fortified by Building Regulation Act of 1991 that limited internal fire spread including furniture and fittings by more regulations while considerable facilities for fire service was given including rules on fire warning and emergency lighting. Offices, shops, factories were covered according to number of workers. Guidance about storage of flammable materials, means for fighting fire, warning, training of employees, licensed premises, standards of fire precautions, inspection procedures, methods and types of inspection, escape related precautions, notifications of proposed changes were meticulously guided with extensive provisions. Some premises were exempted from fire certificate requirement and standards of exempted premises like factorie s and offices with only ground floor/basement/first floor power, not using explosive materials etc. had to be

As ocean temperatures increase, the intensity and strength of Research Paper

As ocean temperatures increase, the intensity and strength of hurricanes also increases - Research Paper Example Numerous impacts of this increase, on the other hand, were obscure until recently or are still obscure. Some researchers are presently discovering a relationship between the increment in ocean surface temperature and the increment  in hurricane intensity and frequency (Chan, 2012). Unless the increment in worldwide temperatures is not stopped or possibly slowed, hurricanes and other natural disasters may tend to keep on growing in duration and strength. It is crucial to see how global warming may incorporate with different variables known to prompt the development of hurricanes (Pielke & Laver, 2005). Anthropogenic components may be in charge of the warming of the globe. Greenhouse gasses discharged through the utilization of agriculture and fossil fuels, and, in addition, numerous different sources have prompted the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse impact causes the atmosphere to ingest more solar energy yet does not permit this radiation and heat out of the air. The more green gas in the environment, the more radiation and temperature that are caught or trapped and add to increased worldwide temperature (Yoshimura, 2006). Global warming or temperature increase has had a genuinely huge effect on ocean temperatures. Actually, records demonstrate nearly 1 degree Fahrenheit, around 0.5 degrees Celsius, warming of the seas in the past 50 years. Studies in sea or ocean temperature changes demonstrate that this sort of expansion is exceptional (Stenseth & Straile, 2007). Notwithstanding the increment in ocean surface temperature that has effectively occurred, it is anticipated that multiplying the air carbon dioxide, doubling, would prompt an extra temperature increment of 0.5 degrees Celsius. The liquefying of the polar ice caps additionally raises the ocean surface temperatures around the globe and adds to an increment in the rising heights of the seas. About 60% of hurricanes occurring in the Atlantic Ocean are developed from winds coming westbound

Anwar Al-Sadat Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Anwar Al-Sadat - Research Paper Example The followers of the Shah of Iran (Persia), Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, highly revered the Egyptian president Anwar El Sadat for his relationship with their leader. The Shah and his wife would often socialize with the Egyptian president and that these political leaders helped each other on various occasions. Their friendship can be further justified by the fact that when the Shah of Iran was exiled after the Islamic revolution in Iran, he chose Egypt as the place to spend his future. Besides, when the Shah of Iran passed away in Egypt in 1980, Anwar El Sadat gave him a state funeral and buried him in the resting place of the Egyptian royal families. In my opinion, Anwar El Sadat was a great leader who could have really improved the standards of Egypt during his reign, had he been given more time and power. His assassination by the Islamist wing due to the fact he pursued peace in relationships with Israel was completely unjustifiable. His wisdom had allowed him to see ahead of his time; h e understood that peace was the only way forward for his nation. Instead of praising him for his vision, the fundamentalists gathered support against him and decided to topple his rule. All the sources used for this research have been taken from reliable books and have been referenced thoroughly to give due credit to their renowned authors who are experts in their respective fields. The topics range from biographies of Anwar El Sadat to the books on the various issues of the Middle Eastern region in and around the time of the Egyptian Leader.

Kenndey and King Essay Example for Free

Kenndey and King Essay What does Hemingways attitude toward the character of Robert Cohn appear to be? Support your answer with at least two examples from the excerpt. Robert Cohn has a low self esteem. Hemmingway, sees Cohn as a mark and gets other people to do his job. 2. Find an example of vigorous English from the excerpt. He took it out in boxing, and he came out of Princeton with painful self-consciousness and the flattened nose, and was married by the first girl who was nice to him. . How is Hemingways love for sports represented in this excerpt? Hemingway incorperates his love for sports into the story by talking about his favorite sports are Football and Boxing . 4. Hemingway was influenced by the stream of consciousness style of fellow writer Gertrude Stein. Find an example from the excerpt of how Hemingway incorporated this style into his own. An example of hemingway incorporated his style is â€Å"I mistrust all frank and simple people, especially when their stories hold together, and I always had a suspicion that perhaps Robert Cohn had never been middleweight boxing champion, and that perhaps a horse had stepped on his face, or that maybe his mother had been frightened. 5. What is the tone of this excerpt? Do you feel the story will end in a positive or negative way for Robert Cohn? The story will end in a positive or maybe negative way for Robert Cohn. Its up to him to make the choice himself.

Overseas Market Entry Methods Essay Example for Free

Overseas Market Entry Methods Essay Advantages and Disadvantages First method includes: 1)Direct Export the organization produces their product in their home market and then sells them to customers overseas 2)Indirect Export the organizations sells their product to a third party who then sells it on within the foreign market Another less risky market entry method is licensing. Here the Licensor will grant an organization in the foreign market a license to produce the product, use the brand name etc in return that they will receive a royalty payment. ( ex. Coca-Cola) Franchising Franchising is another form of licensing. Here the organisation puts together a package of the ‘successful’ ingredients that made them a success in their home market and then franchise this package to oversea investors. The Franchise holder may help out by providing training and marketing the services or product. McDonalds is a popular example of a Franchising option for expanding in international markets. Manufacturing Abroad The ultimate decision to sell abroad is the decision to establish a manufacturing plant in the host country. The government of the host country may give the organization some form of tax advantage because they wish to attract inward investment to help create employment for their economy. Joint Venture is a cooperation of foreign and local investors of the capital in order to create a local business that they own and manage jointly. Subsidiary is a company that is completely or partly owned and partly or wholly controlled by another company that owns more than half of the subsidiarys stock. The subsidiary can be a company, corporation, or limited liability company. In some cases it is a government or state-owned enterprise. The controlling entity is called its parent company, parent, or holding company. And the end I would like to focus your attention on the chart. You can see advantages and disadvantages of each method. Thank you for attention, if you have questions, you are welcome.

Factors that affect employee motivation

Factors that affect employee motivation Motivation has to do with the understanding of the reasons why human beings act the way they do. It is said to be the study of psychology and is concerned with explaining all forms of human behaviours (Phil Gorman, 2004). Motivation is a very important aspect of psychology that tries to explain why humans or animals act in a certain manner (David A.H, 1995). Motivation studies have to do with the study of the Human psychology and behavioural patterns, it is an attempt to explain why and what the reasons are for actions we take. Mitchell (1982) suggests that the term motivation represents those psychological process that cause the awakening, direction and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented. It is a psychological process resulting from the corresponding interaction between the individual and the environment that affects a persons choices, effort and persistence (Gary P. L and Christopher T, 2006). Motivation seeks to explain the why of behaviour (Phil Gorman, 2004). When we ask why a person or animal behaves in a particular manner, we are essentially asking about motivation (Mook, 1996). Motivation has generally been related to the need to achieve specific goals. It is concerned with goal-directed behaviours that pushes us towards certain actions and not others and is also the complex process that moves individuals towards some goals (Phil Gorman, 2004). Robbins (1993) defined motivation as the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organisational goals, conditioned by the efforts and ability to satisfy some personal needs. According to David A. H (1995), Motivation examines two aspects of behaviour; the direction of behaviour those concerned with the influences which cause specific actions in humans and the intensity of behaviour concerned with the strength of behaviour. It is concerned with what causes specific actions, the reasons for actions we undertake and what determines the intensity of such action. Two individuals could be motivated towards a specific goal, say passing an exam. They will both be motivated to read, but the degree or intensity of motivation will usually not be the same for both individuals. Motivation studies are undertaken in order to explain the onset, the direction, the intensity and the persistence of behaviour directed towards the attainment of one or more goals or objectives (Mark R. Z ,2006). So many authors have written and established various motivation theories. The following chapters in this review will discuss on the various motivation theories and contributions of renowned writers in the field of motivation studies. MOTIVATION THEORIES MAJOR CONCEPTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS. ABRAHAM H. MASLOWS HIERARCHY OF NEEDS THEORY This theory advocates that all individuals are born with natural needs and if these needs are not fulfilled, the individual will be motivated to act in a manner that will enable him satisfy them. Maslow A.H (1954) suggests that all individuals have a series of human needs which are prioritised on an ascending scale, with basic physiological survival needs at the bottom and the more psychological individual needs at the top. Maslow (1954)s Hierarchy of needs stems from Physiological needs (survival), Safety needs, Social needs, Esteem needs and Self-actualization at the top. According to this theory, humans have gone beyond the need of only basic survival needs but are now driven towards greater achievements and high needs up till self actualization. Maslow (1954)s theory also assumes that these needs are activated in a sequential order starting from the bottom and a higher need emerging when the lower need has been satisfied and that after a need has been satisfied it ceases to dominate behaviour. Physiological needs: These are the basic biological needs of man to survive. These needs are food, water, shelter etc. Maslow (1954) believes that humans are likely to be motivated by physiological needs rather than any other need. Once this needs have been satisfied, he is then motivated by the next level set of needs. Safety needs: This refers to the need for security, freedom from fear and anxiety, need for stability and protection. Maslow (1954) suggests that this safety needs are mostly apparent in chaotic societies and when there is a stable, smooth running and good society, this need will not be so desired. Social needs: This is the need for love and social belonging. When these needs are not satisfied, individuals will do all in their power to get affection from family and friends (Maslow, 1954) Esteem needs: This refers to the need for prestige and recognition from others. It refers to the need for development, maintenance of self-respect and respect from others (David A.H, 1995). Self actualization: This is the individual need of achieving ones full capability. It is the satisfaction of reaching what the individual believes to be his/her full potential. Maslow (1954) however, was of the view that very few people manage to satisfy the highest set of needs such as self actualization. Some strengths of the theory; Theory acknowledges that all individuals have in-born natural needs and when these needs are not satisfied the individual is compelled to act in a manner that will enable him satisfy these needs. He has been able to combine both physiological and psychological needs in his hierarchy of needs theory. Physiological having to do with the innate needs and instinctive drives to satisfy these needs in the body. While psychological needs stem from cognitive conscious assessment before actions are taken. David A.H (1995) noted that the ascending hierarchy of needs is not a one way process, if lower needs become unsatisfied, the individual will go back towards satisfying those lower needs. The theory also suggests that the hierarchy does not apply rigidly to all individuals and some individuals may seek to satisfy some higher needs at the expense of lower ones (Maslow. 1954) Pointed out below are some weaknesses of the theory; Phil Gorman (2004) pointed out that the theory doesnt seem to take account of the possibility that people who make small achievements in their lives may feel satisfied and fulfilled believing that they have truly achieved their full potential. He suggests that this may be due to restrictions placed upon them by their social background. The theory does not consider that other factors such as environment and society can influence the individual to act in a particular manner. According to Stanworth and Curran (1973) the theory ignores the way the culture of a society and its subcultures, structure the aspirations and expectations of individuals and groups. Ivan T. R, et al (1992) bares the opinion that Maslows theory barely touches on the role of environmental factors in the development of his hierarchy. The theory is difficult to apply in some situations. Stanworth and Curran (1973) also pointed out that most people who set up businesses would seem to be satisfying the higher level of needs in Maslows theory and going into a business is quite a risky venture. This means they are more concerned about a higher need of opening a business than a lower need, security and risk of having a business. HERZBERG F.W HYGIENE THEORY This theory is primarily concerned with motivation at the work place. According to Herzberg et al (1959) there are basically two sets of factors that influence behaviour; Hygiene Factors (dissatisfiers) and Motivators (satisfiers) Hygiene factors (dissatisfiers) These are factors that do not satisfy the individuals but only keep them from being dissatisfied. The presence of these factors in a work place will mean the individuals will not be unsatisfied but they will not be motivated either. These factors include, good working conditions, good salary, supervision, security, relationship with peers, company policy and administration. Most of these factors are classified as being extrinsic (David A.H, 1995). Motivators (satisfiers) These are those factors that actually motivate the individuals in the work place. They give the individual a feeling of self satisfaction and achievement. These factors are essentially internal and examples of these motivators are need for recognition, personal development and advancement and the need for growth. These motivators are related to the content of the job that allows the individual employee to develop their occupation as a source of personal growth. Employees will be motivated with such factors as they allow them satisfy the need for self actualization (Herzberg et al, 1959). Part of the strengths of this theory is that just like Maslows theory, Herzberg et al (1959) believes that all human beings have physiological needs that can be satisfied with money e.g. Food and water and psychological needs such as the need for self-development and self-actualization. While a major weakness is that Herzberg has also neglected the influence of the environment and societal background as possible motivators. Some of his hygiene factors such as good salary which he suggests will only prevent an individual from being dissatisfied, in some case can actually provide motivation to the individual (David A.H, 1995). McGREGOR DOUGLAS. -THEORY X AND Y McGregor (1960), suggest that there is a direct relation between the way managers treat their workers and workers motivation. McGregor believes there are two major approaches to the management of people and they have to do with a managers view on workers attitude towards work. He formulated the theories X and Y. Theory X In this theory, management treats workers with little or no respect. The attitude of managers towards workers in this theory is based on: The belief that the average human being dislikes work and will avoid it if possible. That most people have to be controlled, forced, directed and punished to get them to put adequate efforts towards the achievement of organisation objectives. That the average human, prefers to be directed wish to avoid responsibility and wants security above all (Evans D, 1990). Theory X is patronizing and makes no allowance for workers individualism. It is based on aspects of management such as discipline and control (David A.H, 1995). Theory Y This theory concentrates on delegation, decentralization, participation and consultation. The characteristics of management here are as follows: External control and the threat of punishment are not the only means of bringing out efforts towards achieving organisation objectives. People are committed to objectives in proportion to the rewards associated with achieving the objectives. That the average human being learns, under proper conditions not only to accept but to seek responsibility (David A.H, 1995). The theory encourages participative management and suggests that for workers to be motivated it is necessary to allow them use their skills within the work place. This will make them feel involved as part of the organisation. ALDERFERS EXISTENCE RELATEDNESS AND GROWTH THEORY (ERG) This theory advocates that in the attempt to achieve individual satisfaction, people are motivated to act in a specific manner (Aldefer C.P, 1972). He suggests that satisfaction relies on the fulfilment of natural needs such as existence, relatedness and growth. Individuals constantly interact with their environment which as an effect in their behaviour. He believes that these 3 sets of needs are able to exist simultaneously and can be satisfied in a flexible order. Existence needs: These needs are concerned with physiological and material factors related to survival such as hunger, thirst, salary and working conditions. Relatedness: This has to do with the need to relate with others in the society. Individuals are motivated to seek satisfaction in their social relationships. Growth needs: This refers to creating the optimum use of existing capacities and the development of new capacities. Satisfaction of growth needs depends on the individual developing to their full potential (Alderfer C.P, 1972). This theory does suggest a rigid hierarchical structure and does not propose that an individual will try to satisfy one set of needs at a time (David A.H, 1995). McCLELLANDS NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT THEORY This theory is also based on three innate needs which are of optimum importance. They are the need for achievement, affiliation and power (McClelland, 1961). Robbins (1993) believes that those who have strong drives to succeed are searching for personal achievements rather than rewards. They have the drive to improve on better ways of doing things. Need for achievement (N.arch): This can be described as the need for success and high standards of personal excellence (David A.H, 1995). It is the drive to achieve success. Need for affiliation: This is the need for a good relationship with other individuals. Need for power: This is the need to want to influence and exert some level of control over others. McClelland (1961) believes that all individuals have each of these needs although the level of intensity of the needs varies between each person. This means that some people might have high needs of some and low of the others. According to McClelland et al (1953), any attempt to understand a persons motivation to achieve must take into account both the personality and situation the individual finds him or herself in. He also suggested that the desire for achievement in a society could be measured from the kind of achievement imagery presented to the children (McClelland, 1961). Stanjworth Curran (1973), pointed out that McClellands theory considers differences between groups in motivational pattern and relates this to social and cultural factors. EDWARD TOLMANSS EXPECTANCY THEORY Tolman E.C (1948), theory suggests that the motivation of individuals is not based on needs or drives but is determined by the presence of goals and the expectancy that their behaviour will lead to the attainment of this goal. He believes that human beings will be motivated in a specific manner when they are convinced that the results of the behaviour will be desired by them. The theory basically harps on individual motivation and the influence of the society. Tolmans theory recognises that people have different types of needs, desires and goals and proposes that the amount of effort people are prepared to put in task depends on whether the effort will produce better performance (Ivan T.R et al, 1992). VROOM V.H EXPECTANCY, VALENCE INSRRUMENTALITY THEORY This theory stems from Tolmans expectancy theory but in addition to expectancy Vroom added valence and instrumentality as determinants of motivation. Expectancy: Vroom Edward (1970) suggests that expectancy is a momentary belief concerning the likelihood that a particular act will be followed by a particular outcome. Instrumentality: This assumes that the behaviour of individuals is influenced by the degree to which additional desired goals can be attained as the direct result of such behaviour (Vroom Edward, 1970). The theory suggests that the amount of effort people are willing to put in a task depends on whether the performance when achieved will pay off in terms of outcomes (Ivan T.R et al, 1992). Valence: This refers to the value of the outcomes. Vroom Edward (1970) suggests that individuals value some outcomes highly and hence desire them and can value outcomes lowly and try to avoid them. He states that we are motivated by the fact that we expect specific behaviours to result in specific outcomes and that such outcomes will have a degree of valence. The main motivation points of Vroom according to David A.H (1995) are The expectancy that specific behaviour will result in that attainment of a specific goal, the value of the desired goal and the degree to which such behaviour is instrumental to the attainment of other additional goals. EDWIN A. LOCKE GOAL THEORY Basically this theory looks at motivation from the angle of motivating the employer. It suggests that when specific goals and targets are set out for individuals, they become motivated in order to achieve the goals. This theory has identified that human beings act in a specific way when they are faced with a particular goal (Locke E.A, 1968). The highlights of this theory are that difficult goals should be set because they result in higher performance, employees should be part of the goal setting and that there should be adequate feedback with guidance and advice (Locke Latham, 1984). Locke pointed out that incentives such as money, participation, competition and praise can influence goals. According to Ivan T. Robertson et al (1992) goals have been demonstrated to affect performance through four mechanisms: Directing attention and action. Mobilizing effort Increasing task persistence. Motivating the search for appropriate performance strategies. Ivan T. Robertson et al (1992) also added two goal attributes that could be relevant for motivation. Goal content the level of goal difficulty and how specific it is and Goal intensity strength and commitment attached to the goal. RECENT IDEAS ON MOTIVATION THEORIES The recent theories on motivation havent really come up with any new idea very different from what other older writers on the subject have written; instead they have built on it to make it more adaptable to the changing environment and human perspective. SHEILA RITCHIE AND PETER MARTIN 12 FACTORS OF MOTIVATION They gathered a list of factors that affected motivation in the work place and finally trimmed them down to 12 basic factors. Their observation method was to create a self assessment profile which was developed in other to find out what motivated people and also to weight the factors against each other. Their result was a unique motivational profile for each person which gave the relative strength of each factor when compared to each other. The 12 factors were developed from older theories of motivation (Sheila R Peter M, 1999). The 12 factors of motivation pointed out by Sheila R Peter M (1999) where: Money and tangible rewards: This is where money and tangible result is the overwhelming driving force. Where money is the motivator, people so inclined will be ready to tolerate any amount of boredom, work long hours. Undertake repetitive task over periods of months and years and even put work before family. People who have high money needs will regard their physical conditions at work with complete indifference. This factor relates to Tolman and Vrooms expectancy theory where they suggest that individuals act in a particular way when they expect a kind of reward that, they value (Vroom Edward, 1970). Physical condition: In their theory, physical conditions have to do with those physical factors that could motivate in a work place. This touches on the work space, work environment and how comfortable it is. Some people could be motivated by the mare fact that they work in a very comfortable and beautiful environment. However, they pointed out that physical factors in relation to other motivating factors are not seen as very important. Structure: This has to do with the organisational structure and administration of a work place. They believe that people with differing structure requirements need to be motivated in significantly different ways, the right approach motivates and the wrong approach will de-motivate. They suggest that very high structured people need to know where they stand. They need to know the rules and be assured that they have followed the right procedures. Anxiety may be the root cause of their desire for structure and may find a lack of structure very stressful. Some features of structure include timing, rules and procedures, societys norm and expectation, planning, good communication and information circulation etc (Sheila R Peter M, 1999). People Contact: People with this factor enjoy dealing with other people and derive comfort and satisfaction from having a number of others around them. They would prefer to work with other people nearby rather than on their own. Most are likely to be highly tolerant with the rowdiness that working with others entail and will even perform better in such situation (Sheila R Peter M, 1999). This in a way is related to Maslows hierarchys third stage that refers to the need for love and human relationship. Relationship: This has to do with those motivated by the need for relationships. They suggest that this need can be satisfied outside the work place but for organisations based on commitment and trust between employees will need long term relationships between employees. According to Sheila R Peter M (1999), this particular need usually depends on the organisation in question. Organisations were members of staff are interchanged, work shifts and level of skills are low, will not be in need of long term relationships. This is also related to Maslows need for love and relationship needs. Recognition: This factor harps on the need for attention and praise. Sheila R Peter M (1999) pointed out that high recognition needs can make people so dependent on others for approval, that in occasions where there is no recognition, they are unable to act independently. People with high need of this will always take care that they meet expectation. Achievement: Sheila R Peter M (1999) suggests that a strong characteristics of those with a high achievement drive is that they which to do things on their own. People with this need can find themselves voluntarily working long hours and driving themselves hard. They have to be satisfied that the targets they are aiming are achievable. High achievers are likely to be motivated, if they are not achieving they are likely to feel worthless. They will do whatever it takes to achieve their goals. Motivating such people has to start with the definition of the target (Sheila R Peter M, 1999). Power and Influence: This is the need to possess power and influence others. The ability to lead and influence people used properly according to Sheila R Peter M (1999) is one of the most desirable human qualities. The difference of this factor from others is that it involves people impinging directly on other people. They pointed out that here is also an element of risk that other people might not react favourably. Variety and change: This is the need to always want to do something different. This kind of people we need stimulation to move on to something different with boredom setting in after an initial discharge of energy. These individuals cope better where there is constant demand for new energy and new initiatives. Sheila R Peter M (1999), pointed out that the problem with this factor is that since the stimulation to change does not always arise, there is always the likely hood of uncompleted business or no motivation. Creativity: This concerns the original idea and the development of the new out of the old. They believe that the creative drive has a very important part to play in the organisation. They advocate that those who have the need for creativity to be given an enabling environment for them to operate (Sheila R Peter M, 1999). Self development: This factors shows that people who have high self development needs will judge their work in terms of what it does for them. These individuals are not motivated except it has something to do with their self development. Motivating such people requires an understanding of what they are looking for and an ability to relate what the organisation requires to what the need (Sheila R Peter M, 1999). Interest and usefulness: Sheila R Peter M (1999) believes that the need for job interest or usefulness is higher on average than the need for any other motivator. They stated that Professional and managerial people are more motivated for example by feeling of usefulness or interest than for opportunities to influence, achieve or be recognised. This factor suggests that the work place has to be structured in such a way that the employees find it useful and interesting and that in the absence of this factor, all other motivators will not work to full potential. (Sheila R Peter M, 1999). These 12 factors have covered in a way most motivating factors talked about by early researchers in the topic. REISS AND HAVERCAMPS SENSITIVITY REINFORCEMENT THEORY According to Reiss and Havercamp (1996), sensitivity theory suggests that individuals differ in both the types of reinforcement they desire and in the type of reinforcement they need to satisfy them and that people crave too much love, attention, acceptance, companionship or too much of some other fundamental reinforce are at the risk for peculiar behaviour because normative behaviour does not produce the desired amount of reinforcement. This theory generally postulates the idea of individual differences in reinforcement effectiveness. In discussing the theory, Reiss and Havercamp (1996) defined the concept of reinforcement sensitivity as an individual difference in the reinforcing effectiveness of a fundamental motivator. They mention three key phases of this theory: Reinforcing effectiveness, Individual difference and fundamental motivation. The high points of the theory according to Reiss and Havercamp (1996) are that the theory identifies individual differences in desired amount of reinforcement that is individual differences in rates of satisfaction, as an understudied and potentially important variable, suggesting that because people spend considerable time and energy seeking the reinforcement they desire, these individual differences may predict some person-environment interactions. Secondly, the theory suggests the need for research to identify the fundamental sources of motivation. And finally, that a new theory in the development of psychopathology is suggested based on the assumption that different individuals not only desire different types of reinforcement but also desire widely varying amounts of each fundamental reinforcer. CONCLUSION APPLICATION OF MOTIVATION THEORIES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The Built Environment and Construction industry is a labour intensive industry; therefore the application of motivation theories cant be ignored. The nature of the construction industry is different in the sense that it offers jobs which appeal to many people because of their interesting, challenging and rewarding nature (Birchall D.W 1977). According to Olomolaiye Ogunlana (1988) construction operatives in developing countries are faced with many problems unlike those experienced by their counterparts in developed countries. They believe the construction environment is different in terms of site organisation, quality of supervision and availability of production resources, so also is their socio-economic environment. This environment produces a different worker probably motivated by different factors. In this situation, even when we have highly motivated labour force, it is not right to assume that their motivation will lead to higher productivity. Inability to produce as expected, could lead to frustration and de-motivation. Essentially, extrinsic factors such as good working condition, availability working materials and resources can go a long way in motivation construction workers in developing countries. In the construction industry like every other industry productivity is paramount. The motivation theories discussed in the earlier chapters have shown that productivity of workers is directly related to motivation. When workers are highly motivated the will put more efforts in order to achieve self-fulfilment from doing so, and thereby resulting in higher productivity (Lam and Tang, 2003). Lam and Tang (2003), also added that motivation theories such as Maslows hierarchy of needs, Herzbergs Hygiene theory, McGregors X and Y theories, Vroomss expectancy theory, etc. are often applied to increase productivity in construction projects. Borcherding and Gamer (1981) in their view, have pointed out that there are certain factors that will cause dissatisfaction amongst construction workers. The factors include material availability, tool availability, overcrowded areas, inspection delays, incompetence of foremen, etc. and they also suggested that factors like good craftsman relationship, good orientation program, pay. Recognition, defined goals and projects well planned can motivate construction employees. In the application of motivation theories to the construction industry, Maslow and Herzbergs theories form the basis. Once a worker satisfies his/her physiological needs, he will strive towards satisfying safety and social needs. And then later on seek to satisfy the needs of social belonging and self-actualization. In order to satisfy the construction workers physiological needs and increase motivation a suitable salary scheme and employment policy should be established (Lam and Tang, 2003). Lam and Tang (2000) also noted that though eccentric rewards such as salary and financial benefits do not motivate employees to high work performance, they could lower employee dissatisfaction. Construction companies should maintain a high level of security, health and safety policy at work environment in order to satisfy the safety needs of workers. Effective communication will also give them a g=feeling that their jobs are secured. For social and relationship needs to be satisfied in the construction industry, induction programs for new employees should be organised to introduce them to company objectives, other colleagues, the facilities and the working environment. The concepts above will motivate the construction workers in the short term. Lam Tang (2003) also suggested that to motivate the construction employees on the long term, the below listed approaches will come in handy: Proper resource management and job design. Life-long learning programs. Open door communication. Effective rewarding systems. Diverse and contingency style of leadership. Empowering and valuing construction employees. Continual assessments and improvement of motivation programs. In summary the study and application of motivational theories in management is a very essential tool for all managers in all works of life, especially when there are direct interactions with human beings.

Hamlet: The Man behind the Madness Essay -- ophelia, shakespeare

What drives Hamlet to his madness? How does it relate to Ophelia’s madness? Are Hamlet and Ophelia both truly mad? These are some questions that I contemplated as I read Hamlet. The main character, Hamlet feigns madness after learning of his father’s murder; however, he becomes mad later on in the play. Is it possible that Hamlet became so wrapped up in his father’s murder that he was unable to distinguish fantasy from reality? At the beginning of the play, Hamlet has learned that his brother, the newly king, Claudius, murdered his father. In Christian Wertenbaker: What is the riddle in HAMLET? (Sirs.com, 2011) it is stated, â€Å"From then on, Hamlet has to find his own way. He has become a seeker of truth. Unless he verifies the facts for himself, he cannot do the act† (1). This shows that Hamlet can’t back away from what he is meant to do. In his eyes he sees himself as being chosen to avenge his father. In fact, Hamlet proclaims, â€Å"The time is out of joint. O, cursed sprit, That ever I was born to set it right† (I. V. 207-208)! Already Hamlet is stressed out by his misfortune. He sees no other option, but to kill his uncle. After his meeting with the ghost, Hamlet becomes obsessed with death. It is obvious that Hamlet is wrestling with the idea of whether or not he can commit the act. At this point he is capable of reasoning, but prior to this he was wily enough to invent his false madness. He has not lost his ability to discriminate right from wrong; therefore, he is not mad. To be mad a person loses total reasoning. Still he is determined to discover whether or not Claudius did really murder his father. So, Hamlet organizes a play that reveals the truth about his father’s death. This play serves as a strategy to force Claudi... ...f action have been eaten up by thought, he to whom the universe seems infinite, and himself nothing; whose bitterness [75] of soul makes him careless of consequences, and who goes to a play as his best resource is to shove off, to a second remove, the evils of life by a mock representation of them - this is the true Hamlet† (2). To me this means that Hamlet is what the audience or reader makes him to be. He is not mad, but a part of everyone. He is seen in the audience. This play contains a truth, the truth of life. Hamlet’s character contains many feelings that are shared such as sorrow, dread, and lonely. For Hamlet’s character lives through the reader. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. â€Å"The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark† Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts. 9th Ed. New York: Pearson Longman, 2009. Print

the aztecs Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Aztecs were an American Indian people who ruled a mighty empire in Mexico from the 1400's to the 1500's. The Aztecs had one of the most advanced civilizations in the Americas and built cities as large as any in Europe at that time. They also practiced a remarkable religion that affected every part of their lives and featured human sacrifice. The Aztecs built towering temples, created huge sculptures, and held impressive ceremonies all for the purpose of worshipping their gods. The Spaniards destroyed their magnificent empire in the year 1521, but the Aztecs left a lasting mark on Mexican life and culture .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The majority of the Aztecs lived in what is now called the Valley of Mexico. Located at an elevation of over 7,000 feet, the large valley has housed many great cities. From the massive pyramids of Tenochtitlan, to the inhabitants of the vast hub of modern Mexico City, the great valley has been the heartland of many empires . The mighty Aztecs were the last indigenous group of people to enter the Valley of Mexico. Like many other pre-Columbian cultures, the Aztecs developed their own political system, religion, social structure, agricultural techniques, lifestyle and worldview . The Aztecs were truly unique.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The early Aztecs were semi-nomadic hunters and farmers. According to legend, in about 1000 AD the Aztecs left their mythic, island homeland of Aztlan in the desert frontiers of northern Mexico to begin their 100-year migration south to the Valley of Mexico. Led by their powerful patron god, Huiziloposhtli, they continued their migration southward, stopping along the way to plant crops, to build temples for their gods, and to offer human sacrifices in their honor . From groups they encountered as they traveled, the Aztecs adopted new customs and traditions. The Aztecs were becoming a very religious people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the Aztecs reached the Valley of Mexico in about 1193, this fertile inland basin was already heavily populated and little land was left for them to colonize. The Aztecs appeared rude and uncivilized to the members of the older city-states that clustered around the basin . For about another 100 years they continued to look for a permanent home. As they continued their search they served as mercenary soldiers and servants... ...s have found the site of the Great Temple in downtown Mexico City where Tenochtitlan was once located. Archaeologists have uncovered all four sides of the building and recovered about 6,000 objects, including jewelry, pottery, statues, wall carving, and remains of human and animal sacrifices. They have also restored some other Aztec buildings. After the Spanish arrival, Aztec culture came to an abrupt end. Art, literature, customs, religious figures, and almost every trace of the Aztecs were destroyed. However, some Aztec heritage still survives in the midst of modern day Mexico. They are the largest aboriginal group in Mexico and retain their ancient Aztec language. Their religion is also a combination of Roman Catholicism and Aztec tribal religion. Thousands of people in Mexico have Aztec ancestors, and many of them speak a modern form of the language of ancient Tenochtitlan, Nahuatl. Many Mexican place names come from Nahuatl. Foods that come from the Aztec include chili, chocolate, and tacos. They have become popular in many countries. Descendants of the Aztec live many places including the United States. The Aztec civilization may be gone, but it will never be forgotten.

The Search for an Honorable Leader in Hamlet and Macbeth Essay

The Search for an Honorable Leader in Hamlet and Macbeth Hamlet clearly defines a good leader in this passage in Hamlet; "Look here, upon this picture, and on this, The counterfeit presentment of two brothers. See, what a grace was seated on this brow; Hyperions' curls; the front of Jove himself; An eye like Mars, to threaten and command; A station like the herald Mercury New-lighted on a heaven-kissing hill; A combination and a form indeed, Where every God did seem to set his seal To give the world assurance of a man." Act III Sc. IV He states that an individual must attain the qualities: grace, leadership, well roundedness, and reverence. Using Hamlet's definition, Macbeth would be considered the exact opposite and in many ways the antagonist to Hamlet's assertion of honorable leader. Macbeth contained qualities that tarnished his prestige in the blink of an eye, and his lack of ability to process certain decisions he made revealed his innate character which was ultimately beheaded. One of the most important characteristics for a prosperous leader to have is grace, which Macbeth knew nothing about. He was a war-hero, and was uninterested in what society perceived him to be. His superstition and dependence on the witches visions show his weakness as a character, and especially as a leader. His beliefs in the witches eventually lead him down the wrong path when he returns to the witches for another proclamation of their visions, which all are apparently true, but misunderstood by Macbeth. In the end, as the visions become reality, Macbeth realizes that he has failed to grasp a hold of the tangible aspects of his life, and wa... ... loudly for him." (Act V Sc. II) In his closing statement, Fortinbras shows his grace and well-roundedness by honoring Hamlet, and understanding that he too went through what Fortinbras himself had to go through his entire adult life, living without his father. For those reasons, Fortinbras is a true leader, and the best representation in these two plays of a leader according to Hamlet's definition. In both plays, many characters are portrayed as being multi-layered, and viewed through many perspectives. Many characters are presented as one thing, but as the play continues, the layers peel, and the character is quickly defined as something different. As Macbeth fought to keep sane, his leadership was hastily tainted. Fortinbras on the other hand, kept his mind set on his goal, and achieved it proving him to be the true leader.

Humans and Animals Difference Essay

More than 100 million animals every year suffer and die in cruel chemical, drug, food and cosmetic tests, biology lessons, medical training exercises, and curiosity-driven medical experiments Define and explain animal testing. Is there a need for medical research to be carried out using animal experimentation or are there alternatives to using animals in medical research? What is Animal Testing? Animal testing can also known as animal experimentation or it is also known animal research. Animal research is a fundamental part of scientist and medical process. Animal research has had a vital role in many scientific and medical advance. It is also continue to aid our understanding of various diseases. Animal research is where animals are being used in research projects, and they are also being used as a part of a range of scientific techniques. All these have stated above have included in human trials, cell culture, computer modeling and others. Besides that, animal testing also known as in vivo testing. In vivo testing, they use the non-human animals to experiment. On the other hand, it is also can explain as experimentation that using living organism as opposed to a dead organism. Having animal research are necessary in many areas. Consideration about medical research on animals, it is an important aspect or a key to discovering and develop new treatments in the medical field. Besides that, by doing animal testing, we also can find out the lasts solution in medical research. It is necessary to have animal testing because some of the animals have the certain characteristic that have similarity to human beings. And only by doing medical research on animal we can find out the way to make a better improvement on human’s health. Animal studies are highly informative part of biomedical research. And animal research might be one of the important ways to answer the question that further our understanding of biology. Thus, they consider that using animals is the only way we can test the effect of a genetic mutation, or cancerous cell on the whole body. However, they believe that doing animal research will always help to discover ways to help people and perhaps on others animal in the future. Some of the animal that can immune to diseases which humans can contract and when an efficient amount of testing is done, they will apply all those traits on humans. To determine which preventive solution to be use on human, there is necessary to have research on animals. Humans and animals have more in common than the differences of both of humans and animals have. Like mice, mice share over 90% of their genes with humans. They have the same organs like humans, they doing the same things in the same places. Besides mice, fish and tadpoles also share enough of characteristic with human beings. Even flies and worms also been used in doing research and have come out with a breakthrough. And since animals have an extraordinary of complex systems that have a huge amount of similarities with human beings, and a computer hasn’t been invented to have a power to reproduce all the complex interaction. Thus, we cannot reproduce a beating heart in a test tube or stroke on a computer. Hence, to have animal testing is necessary in order them to discover safe drugs or to achieve in medical progress that can save human lives or perhaps to improve millions of lives throughout this experimentation on animals. As the Department of Health has stated, animal research has contributed to almost every medical advance for the last century. Without animal testing, medical that we know it nowadays wouldn’t be existing. Animal research has help us find different treatments for different kind of cancer, illness, surgery for injuries, antibiotics and vaccines to prevent those most deadly and debilitating viruses. In the other hand, The Federal Law also did requires as long as the test are to be tested on human beings, it will be necessary all the procedures and test will be tested on animals at the first place for scientific advancement and for human well beings. Besides that, it also mentioned that, animals can be used in doing research where there is no better or suitable alternatives methods are available. Of course, some animal research really have a great breakthrough in medical science, but it does not mean that all the animals research have, some of those breakthrough might also have been carried out through non animal experimentation if they had been equally well funded. However, animal testing or animal research is sometimes unreliable as a guide for human biology. It is because different kind of species animals might have different reaction towards the drug that had been testing on them. There’s also a problem on information they have gleaned from animals in the labs. Like what have applied to the dogs, mice or monkeys, there might not necessarily applied on human beings. For example, HIV, is deadly to human beings but it is not for the most laboratory animals. So by searching for the cures of HIV on different species of animals may not produce the result that is applicable on humans. Anyhow, still human-center research invariably gets more accurate, effective and safe results. Like what had Andre Menache from Animal Aid said, â€Å"An animals provide data, yes of course they do provide data; but it might be the wrong data. This is also what she means by, the experimentation results maybe it can applies to monkey, but that does not mean it can also apply on human beings. So which means by the end of result, whatever that you have discover on animals, you will have to discover it again by testing it on humans. Hence, not only the animals do suffer in these experiments but the first few patients whom use these treatments will suffer too. In fact, there are 700 treatments for stroke that had worked in laboratory animals but only have one that works in humans. And even the one treatment is controversial. Scientist and government state that animal testing should cause as little suffering to animals as possible, and since that animal testing should only be performed where there are no others alternatives. An alternative technique is a type of testing method that without using on animals. There are viable alternative that can be used instead of vertebrate animals. And here is one of the alternative called In vitro alternatives. In vitro alternatives are some of the most common types of tests that are being used nowadays. These tests require the use of isolate tissue and cell cultures, and this is which can be harmless and easy to obtain. Besides of vitro alternative, there is also other alternative called micro dosing, in which the basic reaction of drugs are assessed by using human volunteers to receiving well dose below those expected to produce whole body effects. In addition, another alternative that exists to prove the viability of non-animal testing methods and to improve the treatments of using animals testing, and the alternative are known as the three R’s. By using the three R’s, that animals live can be spared. The three R’s stand for: Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement. Firstly, Replacement refers to avoid the using of animals in animal research. Which is possible to replace the living animals to others non-animals method such as tissue culture and computer simulation, where it is possible to achieve the same scientific aim. Secondly, Reduction refers to reduce the number of using animals in medical research. Researchers should use as less animals in an experiment as they can. But of course, that should also have to obtain the same levels of information from among the fewer animals. Anyhow, they also have to be sure if it is necessary to have animals testing. Lastly, Refinement refers to decrease the suffering and distress on animals. Which also mean by making improvement on animal lives that being used in medical research. In addition, if the researchers want to do an experiment using animals, then they must improve the living condition of the animals they used in doing research. However, animals testing have led to remarkable breakthroughs in medical field. Hence, using the alternative method does not really work well as using animal testing. Therefore, some of the times we have to agree the use of animals in medical research to get the best available model for the solution. And the scientist can also choose which animals experiment should be carried out or should not be carried out. In conclusion, using animals in medical research are remains essential. However, animals testing in medical are unpleasant and no one will never really like to do it. But as a part of the safety tests for new medicines in futures, of course they are requiring to have animals testing before they are tested in humans. Thus, at the end, they believe that using animals in medical research will reduce massive human suffering.

Automotive Service Essay

The career that I have literally chosen is the automotive service technician and mechanics career. The reason why I chose this career it’s because†¦ Well actually I have plenty and many reasons to choose from because I am very passionate about this career and I have lived through it my entire life. One reason is that Auto Mechanics is because to me it’s an interesting field to me. I decided to explore the topic a little more to get a better understanding of what it would take to become a successful automotive technician . I have lived through the auto mechanics field pretty much all through my life. Well actually since I have been born. The reason of this is very simple. That is because my very own dad is an auto mechanic himself. Well actually to be more exact, he owns his own auto mechanic shop. Since I was little I have always helped him at his work because I have always enjoyed working with vehicles. Since the very first day that I started working with him I already knew that the automotive field was the job for me. Since I was a baby my very own parents use to tell me that I would disappear out of their sight. And when they used to find me I used to be playing with the tools besides my dad helping him out. I have pretty much made my mind up about actually going further in this career. Not only because I actually enjoy doing that job but also because of the pay check that you receive. Well actually that is a bonus in it. It does matter to me the money that you earn in it but not as much as I like doing the activity of interacting and working with automobiles. I have faith in me that one day I am not only going to fix cars, but I am also going to own my own shop myself. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, an auto mechanic is a technician that inspects, maintains and repair automobiles and light trucks that run on gasoline, electricity or other types of kinds of fuels, like for example ethanol. Auto mechanics play a very important role in maintaining and keeping vehicles up and running not only correctly and normal but also efficiently. The field of auto mechanics reveals a pretty long history. Specialized schooling education and a strong career objectives for anyone that would like to choose this field as a career. There are certain types requirements or abilities that you supposed or have to get or have in order to become an auto mechanic technician. A student can get the basics of automobile repair by taking a vocational class in high their high school time. The course is not really considered training but it gives you a basic information and knowledge of what an actual auto mechanic does. To be considered and known as a qualified auto mechanic technician you will have to complete and finish training at a post secondary school or a community college. Many post secondary schools for graduates have six months to one year of strong , helpful needed intense training. The community college most of the time offers an associate degree for this field and it most of the time takes about two years to complete the coursework and other things necessary. With this kind of type of training you are getting the most up to date training that you will indeed need when you are using with computer systems to detect problems with cars, like for example electrical problems that you can not fix your self without the help of an electronic computer. Another form of training involves you with working as an apprentice to a master technician. This type of fields is pretty much like a helper to the main technician in other words.. When all the formal training is completed and done, the mechanic is considered as a certified They will receive a very own ASE certification. This stands for Automobile Service Excellence certification. The Bureau of Labor statistics suggests and shows that individuals who live in large cities should get certified that says ASE to help them with their search for jobs. This will provide them with a better chance of actually acquiring the job. An auto mechanics basic job function is performed in some type of repair shop. Many mechanics work pretty much around forty hours per week. That is the estimate time of duty hours. In addition to their working time, they also make pretty good money. The median wage salary earnings of automobile technicians and mechanics, including commission, were about $16. 24 in may 2006. And the middle 50 percent is between $11. 96 and $21. 56 per hour. And last but not least the lowest ten percent earned less than $9. 17 and the highest ten percent earn $27. 22 per hour. The person that I interview for this project was my very own dad. His full name is Herminio garcia. His profession is an automotive technician. His place of employment is the boss and owner of an auto mechanic shop. He has been working in this career for about fifteen years. When I asked Mr. Leal how much money I expected to make at the start of my career he told me between ten dollars to 20 dollars an hour. He said it was not a lot but that he enjoyed working with cars and also liked putting smiles on peoples faces. He also told me that the working conditions in that specific field was kind of hard because is a lot of physical work. This lead me to ask him if there were plenty of jobs available in this field and he said that there were because cars will keep needing maintenance for e long time to come. When I ask him about the benefits of this career I did not get that enthusiastic because he told me u really did not get any unless u had car allowance and maybe some medical care. So then we started talking about traveling but he said that traveling had nothing to do with this field. That you stay in one particular spot or place like a shop or garage to fix cars. Another questions that I asked him was about the hours and how they were like. He told me that the average hours he worked a week was about 40 and that’s not a lot . So then we started talking about family and if there was anytime for them and he told me that I would not have a problem with that, that I would have plenty of time with my family to spent and that put a smile on my face. However, then I asked him if there were any dangers associated with this job and he told me that yes, that there were plenty of risk associated with this job because of the chemicals that you had to deal with and the tools etc. Now that did not leave me very happy. When I ask him about any additional skills and course work associated with this job he told me that yes you will need the most skills, course work and experience you can get to work in this field. He told me that it was really not difficult to get a job in this area because cars always needed maintenance. When I finally made my last question and ask him what advice would he give to some one like me to better prepare me for the challenges of this career, he gave me a very short answer but with a lot of meaning â€Å"Stay in school†.

William Blake’s Songs of Innocence

Flake's use of the pastoral in Songs of Innocence and Experience Put simply, Flake's Songs of Innocence and Experience Juxtapose the innocent pastoral world of childhood against an adult world of corruption and repression. The collection as a whole, by meaner of paired poems in Innocence and Experience (The Lamb, The Tiger; The Echoing Green, The Garden of Love/London; The Nurse's Song (l and E); Introduction (l and E); The Chimney sweeper (l and E), etc) explores the value and limitations of two different perspectives of the world. The same situation or problem is seen through the eyes or perspective of Innocence first, then Experience.Blake stands outside Innocence and Experience, in a distanced position from which he recognizes and attempts to correct the fallacies of both perspectives. He uses the pastoral, in many songs, to attack oppressive and destructive authority (Church, King, parent's, adult figures), restrictive morality, sexual repression, established religion – t he Established Church, social inequality, militarism. The pastoral is a literary style that presents an idealism and artificial picture of rural life, the naturalness and innocence of which is seen in contrast with the corruption and artificiality of city and court.The pastoral is often seen as a nostalgic looking back at a lost paradise, a lost Eden, a lost Golden Age. However, Blake does something different with the pastoral. Firstly, he rejects the nostalgia of the ideal in order to show the real human condition. He does this by opposing pastoral ideal and urban reality both within the single states of Innocence and Experience and between the two states. (For example – ‘Introduction' of Innocence, ‘The Shepherd'). Secondly, he radically redefines the relation of the pastoral to the city because the Songs as a volume could be said to take place in the city.Blake frames the obviously pastoral scenes within an urban setting in a way that breaks down the convention al city/ country dichotomy – and his criticism is aimed at not merely social problems, but the source of these problems – a limited way of seeing. Within Innocence, Blake takes us into the frame, or confinement of the pastoral space and explores inner tensions, exposing and attacking social problems. For example, in ‘The Little Girl Lost' of Innocence, the pastoral setting is that of ‘a desert wild' that becomes ‘a garden mild'.The reference is the biblical image in Isaiah 35 of an ideal mime in which the ‘desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose'. Lacy, the innocent child, lives ‘In the southern clime'/Where the summer's prime/Never fades away (distinctly pastoral! ). She ‘had wandered oleomargarine the wild birds' song. Blake brings in a contrast between Local's trust and her parent's' fear (that she is lost and will come to harm). For Lacy, there is no cause for distress, except consideration of her mother's feelings (if my m other sleeplessly shall not weep').The other side of the conflict is the parent's' fear and concern: As far as they are concerned, there is nowhere safe; (Where can Lacy sleep? . Their concern becomes more and more self- centered, until it becomes emotional blackmail (oho can Lacy sleep,/elf her mother weep? ). A moral prescription is then introduced – Lacy ought to be worried – and we notice that this is Justified only by the mother's distress, not by any real danger. By meaner of the command, ‘Then let Lacy wake', Blake shows how fear turns into tyranny. The parent's' fear of nature has made them unreasonable – They command their daughter to be unhappy, simply because they are.Stanza 8 resolves the conflict as Local's surroundings become transformed – the desert is ‘bright'. Local's positive perception dominates the rest of the poem – The imperative, ‘Let' in the line, ‘Let thy moon arise', underlines her opposition to her parent's. The pivotal word, ‘bright' stands between Local's and her parent's' attitudes to nature (for the parent's, it is a dark, unknown world of fear; for Lacy, it is safe and bright. ) The lion licks Local's bosom and the lioness ‘Loosed her slender dress'. The dress is a symbol of her parent's' upbringing, which Local's perception can cast off.She is naked, so shame is removed (a reference to Adam and Eve's nakedness in the Garden of Eden). In the ext poem, ‘The Little Girl Found', the lion's masculinity, his mane, was what frightened the parent's (soon his heavy man/Bore them to the ground'). So, the poem conveys the need for sexual freedom, natural energy, sexual energy, feared by Local's parent's. (In ‘The Little Girl Found', the parent's' perception of the lion as fearful is transformed -then they followed/Where the vision led'- by meaner of transforming their vision, their perspective, the parent's' fear disappears (nor fear the wolfish howl,/Nor t he lion's growl').Within the pastoral frame of the Garden of Eden, Blake explores inner tensions, exposing and attacking social problems. (In The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, which Blake wrote between the two parts of the Songs, he stresses that man's instincts are not fallen (sinful from the moment of birth) and therefore to follow the instinctive desire for love and pleasure cannot be wrong: The soul of sweet delight can never be defiled. On the contrary, it is the thwarting of desire that leads to corruption and a warping of the personality: Sooner murder an infant in its cradle than nurse enacted desires.The conventional goodness of Flake's time, therefore, is Just a passive failure o act out desire and is not something to be admired, unlike evil which is evidence of positive energy:. Good is the passive that obeys reason. Evil is the active springing from energy and Energy is eternal delight. So, in the volume of Songs of Innocence and Experience, the tensions, oppositions or c onflicts are within the frames of a song, as well as between the two contrary worlds of Innocence and Experience.The Songs not only Juxtapose pastoral ideal with urban reality (echoing Greenwood's'; ‘Echoing Green/'The Garden of Love'), but within the single state of Innocence, pastoral images are Juxtaposed with a flawed urban society. The oppositions also exist within the single states of Innocence and Experience. The Songs of Innocence begins with a clearly pastoral ‘Introduction' followed by ‘The Shepherd', ‘The Echoing Green' and, of course, ‘The Lamb'(in Flake's final order of the Songs). These songs show pastoral harmony between humans and nature.However, we are led out of (or in and out of, depending on the order of Songs), pastoral and into a disturbing world of social difference and injustice through such lyrics as ‘The Little Black Boy, ‘The Chimney Sweeper'(l). Yet even these songs eave a pastoral element. Tom Decree, in ‘T he Chimney Sweeper', is identified with the lamb of pastoral and of innocence through his hair, That curled like a lamb's back. The black boys mother describes his body as a ‘shady grove' that enables the soul to bear the beams of love', identifying the time on earth as a ‘little space', akin to a pastoral retreat, rather than a time of preparation labor.The pastoral narratives in both poems seek to free the boys from the stigma of their blackness, but ironically that freedom, in the form of a pastoral paradise, is attainable only after death. In ‘The Chimney Sweeper'(l), an angel ‘opened the coffins and set them all free. /Then down a green plain leaping, laughing they run,/And wash in a river and shine in the sun'. In ‘The Little Black Boy, God's voice will call: ‘Come out from the grove my love and care,] And round my golden tent like lambs rejoice'.Only in death will the white boy be taught to reject his ignorant racist views: ‘And then I'll stand and stroke his silver hair/And be like him, and he will then love me'. So, Blake uses the pastoral to attack social evils and injustice, but also exposes the limits and inadequacies of the pastoral ideal. He transcends the pastoral to show the limits of pastoral innocence; to criticism the human condition; and to show a new vision. He does this by rejecting the nostalgia of the ideal to show the real condition – by opposing the pastoral ideal with urban reality.The dual presence of town and country, idealization and realism, celebration and regret provides the tension that is fundamental to the pastoral space. The pastoral's critical function is based upon the writer's handling of internal tensions between oppositions. Flake's objective in Songs of Innocence and Experience is to show the wow contrary states of the human soul'. He shows that we create our worlds by meaner of our perception of it. (Milton: ‘A mind is its own place, and in itself/Can make a Heav en of Hell, a Hell of Heaven' Paradise Lost).Our world is ‘Innocent' – loving, meek and mild, delightful, protected, gentle – if we perceive its creator as loving, caring and protective. But there are limits to this vision; we are vulnerable because we are ignorant of the dangers and threats that exist. The world of Experience is one that is dark, authoritative, oppressive, uncaring and repressive of enjoyment. We see ourselves imprisoned in this despair if we perceive its creator as oppressive, cruel, punitive and Judgmental – and if we perceive ourselves as imprisoned in Original Sin.The two worlds opposed are those of childhood innocence and adult experience. He uses iconic pastoral images (piper and muse, shepherds, rural idyll, innocence of childhood, the Garden of Eden, gardens and greens, lambs, pathetic fallacy) and pastoral states (harmony, Joy, protection, care, love) and opposes these to urban images and states of adult authority and cruelty, st ate and church repression and authority, dishonest and destructive emotions.Blake sets up oppositions, in the frames of the poems (as artistic creations) between Innocence and Experience and within Innocence and Experience. Blake provides (in Songs of Innocence) pastoral images, but shows the limits of pastoral innocence. In Songs of Experience, he writes in anti-pastoral mode and uses pastoral images to show the destruction of innocence, as well as ways to regain innocence in a vision of a New World.Discussion of ‘putting the complex into the simple': Approaches – discussion of ‘The Lamb' and ‘The Tiger', pages 91 – 101 Songs of Innocence and Experience can be regarded as anti-pastoral: Blake exposes he limitations of a comfortable image of pastoral innocence by 1) redefining the relationship between city and country (Russ in rube – the country in the city); 2) he uses the pastoral as a frame to expose social injustice and human suffering; 3) he uses pastoral images to show true innocence, then subverts these, both in Innocence and Experience, to expose the dark world of adult authority and repression.Blake use pastoral, not to show the contrast between rural and urban, but to expose the injustices of the human condition. Blake was a poet of the city, of London, and his pastoral setting is in the greens, parks and gardens of London.