The Picture of Dorian Gray and Enduring Love Essay Example

The Picture of Dorian Gray and Enduring Love Essay All through the scholarly ages, the impression of profound quality and life are continually developing to change people’s sees on ethical quality. Good and moral thoughts were once chivalric conventions of respect, yet have been changed from humanity’s opportunity as individual creatures to dismiss social standards and customs. Oscar Wilde once said ‘I am very unequipped for seeing how any gem can be condemned from a good standpoint’1, yet arranged as the Machiavellian rival inside Shakespeare’s perfect work of art ‘Othello’, Iago follows up on his feelings and sentiments of enviously and individual rivalry, which drives Iago to degenerate Othello due to his malicious nature †driving an issue to an ethical point of view. At the point when Othello had the event to delegate a lieutenant with â€Å"Three extraordinary ones of the city in close to home suit, it spoke to Iago however just to find that Othello had just picked Cassio. It gave off an impression of being a matter of individual inclination in particular, for he could give no explanation behind the decision of picking Cassio. This impulsive decision lago without a moment's delay took as an incredible slight upon him, A. C Bradley remarked on the â€Å"the normal lunacies† in Shakespeare’s disaster plays that It has been held, for instance, that Othello rewarded lago detestably in inclining toward Cassio to him. 2 Once this is done, Iago uncovers to the crowd that â€Å"In tailing him, I follow yet myself. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Picture of Dorian Gray and Enduring Love explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on The Picture of Dorian Gray and Enduring Love explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on The Picture of Dorian Gray and Enduring Love explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer † This is a conundrum as Iago follows Othello not out of â€Å"love† or â€Å"duty,† but since he believes he can adventure and hoodwink his lord, in this manner vindicating himself upon the man he suspects of having laid down with his better half. Moreover, Iago communicates his trickery to Roderigo to â€Å"wear my heart upon thy sleeve† to exhibit to the crowd that individuals who uncover their actual intentions makes themselves a casualty. This along these lines presumes that the day he chooses to set up apparently what he feels; internally, Iago clarifies, it will be simply the day he makes generally defenseless. In contrast with this, in ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’ Basil uncovers to the peruser that Henry â€Å"has an extremely awful impact over all his friends†. This delineates Henry as being something of an incredible element who nobody can't state â€Å"no† to because of his philosophical belief system. This is very like Iago as he intentionally impacts the individuals who are around him only for his own benefit and fulfillment as his â€Å"outward activity doth demonstrateThe local act and figure of my heart†. After revealing to Dorian his belief system, Henry ‘was flabbergasted at the unexpected impression that his words produced’. From this, Wilde’s utilization of direction, perusers can induce that Henry’s ‘amazed’ sentiment of seeing what his way of thinking has done to Dorian, is by all accounts his thought process in the persistent debasement he puts on Dorian further in novel. Iago uncovers his double dealing to Roderigo and the crowd that he is â€Å"not what I am† in light of the fact that Iago is deliberately mindful he will degenerate Othello. The equal used to show Iago’s adjust sense of self can be connected with Henry since he accepts â€Å"there is nothing of the sort as a decent impact. All impact are corrupt. † It could be proposed that Henry’s character is utilized as an equal structure in the novel to show no regret for his persuasions he has over Dorian and the last for Iago over Othello. Iago accepts that individuals who serve a reason or an individual are acting genuinely, yet they are to be sure following up for their own benefit as they â€Å"trimmed in structures and appearances of dutyKeep yet their hearts going to on themselves†. This shows Iago accepts individuals look steadfast by their appearances be that as it may, within, they are considering themselves as opposed to the individual they serve. In correlation, Henry appears to have the ability to degenerate as his ideological perspective is that â€Å"to impact an individual is to give him one’s own soul†. Here, this proposes Henry is giving Dorian a renewed person †to degenerate him to make him entire once more. Rather than this, In ‘Enduring Love’, Jed has a beguiled conviction that Joe adores him and that â€Å"there’s nothing I can do except for return your affection. † Jed he accepts that through a higher ground-breaking element â€Å"To carry you to God, through love† Joe will in the long run love him. Through religion, Jed thinks about that he could control Joe’s sentiments through the â€Å"the purpose†¦ [of] Christ that is in you and that is you. † However, in ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’, it could be contended that Henry appears to deliberately challenge Victorian qualities. During the Victorian time individuals took strict truth and good morals from the book of scriptures and along these lines, it was imagined that if religion were acknowledged by all, ‘evil’ powers would not have the option to degenerate mankind. In any case, Wilde challenges this through a provocative explanation that â€Å"great sins of the world take place† â€Å"in the mind, and the cerebrum only†. With the utilization of redundancy, this point underscores that defilement of the spirit or the psyche is simply founded on science and not depended on an obscure source known to mankind. So also, concerning ‘Enduring Love’, it could be viewed as that on the grounds that Jed’s obsession with â€Å"without a consciousness of God’s love you’re living in a desert† Jed accepts that God’s love ought to be the motivation to degenerate Joe’s mind, a brain of science. A further motivation behind why Henry should harm Dorian’s mind is on the grounds that Henry is desirous of Dorian’s â€Å"most wonderful youth† as Henry trusts it is â€Å"one thing worth having† to the exclusion of everything else on the planet. To help the case that tasteful excellence and age appears to contribute for the debasement of one’s one mind, Othello plunges into addressing one reason to why his significant other may be unfaithful to him has he has â€Å"declinedInto the vale of years†. This allegory taken from the expression â€Å"vale of tears† appears to be planned in an increasingly unbiased sense; the vale of years is the wide, level stretch of middle age past the incline of youth. Before killing Desdemona, Othello appreciates her excellence like â€Å"thy rose† that has â€Å"vital growth†. He is by all accounts captivated by her magnificence that the main way he might dispose of his desire of her, is to dispose of her excellence by executing her. As indicated by Henry, when you develop old, â€Å"you will feel it, you will feel it awfully. † The qualifier of way â€Å"terribly† bolsters the case that men specifically, appear to be practically scared of maturing and would effectively remove these sentiments of deficiency brought about by becoming more established, as appeared by Othello and Dorian. By the by, using third-individual target storyteller in ‘The Picture of Dorian Gray’, the perusers begin to perceive how far Henry’s ‘mere words’ of debasement is going and on account of how ‘terrible they are’, we get the chance to see Henry deal with Dorian as he was ‘dimly cognizant that altogether new impacts were busy working inside him’. Notwithstanding, it is far from being obviously true whether Dorian would have needed to change this as he â€Å"would give everything! † to be youthful and to remain youthful. As opposed to this, in contrast to Dorian, Othello was careless in regards to any outer powers at work for adulterating his impression of the real world. The main individual to see the change was Emilia who accepted that a â€Å"wretch have placed this in your headLet paradise compensate it with the snakes revile! The figurative suggestive purposeful anecdote to the snakes revile alludes to the revile that God laid upon the snake for misleading the guiltless Eve. By this, Emelia implies that whoever has placed these thoughts into Othellos head merits a similar destiny. As indicated by Genesis 3:15 the snake was reviled to slither on the ground and in this manner be helpless to man’s heel pounding its head (this powerlessness is an immediate aftereffect of Satan’s sin). This portending of what will truly happen to Satan some time or another †along these lines the strict moral story could be proposed that Emilia accepts the man who defiled Othello, ought to be squashed. Here, the crowd sees Shakespeare’s purposeful utilization of sensational incongruity that most definitely the â€Å"serpent† is her own one of a kind spouse Iago. Moreover, Shakespeare shows the force and the extraordinary control he can make with his heroes, by and by strengthening that depiction of the Machiavellian character. In every one of the three writings, hallucination is by all accounts one of the pervasive consequences for the people due to the defilement they have been presented to. In ‘Othello’, the crowds catch Othello’s fanatical motivation of his undying adoration for Desdemona as â€Å"Perdition get my soulBut I do cherish thee, and when I love thee not, Chaos is come again†. This shows Desdemona’s picture means everything to Othello and accordingly; on the off chance that he quits adoring her, the whole universe quits creation sense for him and the world is diminished to â€Å"Chaos. † The impact of the defilement Iago has put on Othello is beginning to dynamically appear and in the event that he discovered Desdemona’s ‘

T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship

T.H. Marshalls Theory of Citizenship Fundamentally examine T. H. Marshall’s hypothesis of citizenship as plot in Citizenship and Social Class (1949/1992). At the focal point of the advancement of citizenship in present day Britain is the spearheading work of T.H. Marshall (Faulks, 1998). T.H. Marshall proposed an amazingly persuasive hypothesis with respect to citizenship (Dwyer, 2010). Through his investigation of citizenship, Marshall must be recognized as distinguishing a unique hypothetical stance from which to comprehend a social wonder (Held and Thompson, 1989). Not many British Social Scientists other than Marshall have straightforwardly considered the idea of citizenship and made it their focal concentration in their work (Lister, 2010). In this manner, it has been Marshall’s commitment that has been viewed as a beginning stage for additional examination into the subject of citizenship rights (Held and Thompson, 1989). Moreover, as Roche (1992) has recognized, Marshall’s works structure a focal book which he has marked the ‘Dominant paradigm’ inside citizenship hypothesis in Britain (Faulks, 1998). While investigating crafted by Marshall it is essential to perceive how characterizing citizenship is necessary to understanding the ideas communicated in his work and others to date. Marshall characterized citizenship as ‘full participation of a community’ (Marshall, 1963: 72). Marshall at that point explained that full citizenship status included enrollment of a national network (Dwyer, 2010). Marshall’s suggestion was that every individual considered a resident could, in this way, anticipate certain privileges of qualification from the state and consequently would be relied upon to maintain certain norms or obligations inside the network to be viewed as a ‘citizen’. As the meaning of citizenship has created throughout the years so has the ideas of which it includes. Accordingly, while investigating Marshall’s work it is essential to recognize the time during which the hypotheses considered were proposed as supported by Dwyer (2010). The cond itions during the hour of this paper were considerably extraordinary to those of present day society inside Britain. Marshall’s work was viewed as following the Second World War and the foundation of the post war government assistance settlement (Dwyer, 2010). Therefore, this has prompted basic conversation of Marshall’s speculations with respect to citizenship and its incentive by various scholastics to date (Alcock, 1989; Delanty, 2000; Dwyer, 2010 and Lister, 2010). Marshall considers every perspective by breaking down each approach verifiably to the advancement for rights. Marshall delineated three interlinked components of rights that appeared as common, political and social rights (Lister, 2010). The idea of social equality in Britain came to noticeable quality during the eighteenth century and included; ‘the rights vital for singular opportunity, freedom of the individual, the right to speak freely of discourse, thought and confidence, the option to possess property and to finish up substantial temporary workers, and the privilege to justice’ (Marshall, 1963: 74). Conversation of political rights followed during the nineteenth century, which notwithstanding, the option to cast a ballot and represent political office (Marshall, 1949/1992). The last component of rights was finished up with the ownership of social rights to completely sort someone as a resident. The idea of social rights grew basically in the post Second World War period. Marshall’s meaning of social rights has experienced a lot of investigation because of his vague hypothetical point of view. Powell (2002) and Dwyer (2010) specifically remark on this absence of clearness, â€Å"He is evident that there is no general widespread rule that vehemently characterizes what citizenship awards or requires† (Dwyer, 2010:39). As Marshall (1949/92) features on a few events, common citizenship rights are altogether of the states of a free market economy, including a free work showcase. On the other hand, Marshall seems, by all accounts, to be fairly mindful of the inconsistencies inside the different strands of citizenship, despite the fact that the perspectives appear to interlink it would appear they don't generally concur. Potential logical inconsistencies among social and common citizenship, Marshall straightforwardly talked about as far as the contention among citizenship and class (Bagguley, 2013). As Turner (1993) demonstrates, Marshall’s investigation of free enterprise versus vote based system contained various ambiguities, yet all in all, Marshall unequivocally contended that the government assistance state would confine the negative effect of class contrasts on singular life-possibilities. At last this would improve the individual’s responsibility to the framework. Furthermore, the period of which social rights were advancement may influence how a few people may decipher them (Lister, 2010). The advancement of common opportunities was an essential advance in the fixing of the various leveled crude constraints of status or obligation to an individual’s social bosses (Lister, 2010). Common opportunities were additionally a fundamental establishment for the later advancement of the second kind of rights noted by Marshall as political rights. Marshall recognizes four significant means to his paper. Right off the bat, he inspects whether citizenship is perfect with the class structure in an entrepreneur society, for example, Britain. Despite the fact that he expresses this is potential, people, for example, Faulks, (1998) feel he is ‘cautious’ in expressing this. The pressure among citizenship and free enterprise emerges out of the way that citizenship features equity, while private enterprise presumes disparity (Dwyer, 2010). For Marshall, the similarity of citizenship with free enterprise was because of social rights by ‘civilising’ the effect of the market (Faulks, 1998). Marshall distinguishes the expansion of salaries, the development of investment funds and the achievement of large scale manufacturing as empowering society to redistribute riches and social influence (Lister, 2010). Advancements, for example, the dynamic assessment framework and the utilization of legitimate guide are appeare d to lessen the impact of class, viably, making social equity by means of social rights (Held and Thompson, 1989). As his subsequent thought, legitimately, Marshall contends that citizenship in Britain can't be completely accomplished without modifying market activities of the time (Faulks, 1998). Thirdly, Marshall recognizes the move to rights from obligations and the impact of this, and he believed this to be the most significant part of citizenship in present day Britain (Somers, 2004). At long last, Marshall endeavors to build up the restrictions of social fairness and decide exactly how far the battle for social equity could sensibly go (Tilly, 1996). Marshall fought a picture of a ‘ideal citizenship’ and in this manner, an objective towards which yearnings can be coordinated. T.H. Marshall’s way to deal with social citizenship has been viewed as a fair communist view. As Delanty (2002) perceived, social vote based system and Marshall’s libertarian progressivism shared a few perspectives for all intents and purpose. Other persuasive scholars, for example, Richard Titmuss shared a comparative enthusiasm inside the social equitable convention (Dwyer, 2010). Dwyer (2010) and Alcock and Oakley (2001) have distinguished the methodologies of Titmuss and Marshall, who share a few similarities. Every essayist demonstrated an extensive significance to widespread unhindered government assistance rights. Besides, both Marshall and Titmuss, plot the recognizable proof and thought of the ‘class struggle’ which is strikingly distinguished as a significant part of the advancement of social citizenship. Marshall and Titmuss additionally recommend that the advancement of British mechanical free enterprise is of more noteworthy criticalness for th e rise of social rights (Dwyer, 2010). Moreover, the two essayists had a similar hopefulness about the inspirations that support human instinct. Titmuss and Marshall both accepted that residents would generally carry on in a capable way and hope to improve their own lives, and the lives of individual individuals from their national network, as opposed to mishandle any advantages that social rights may bring for singular addition (Alcock and Oakley, 2001) As Dwyer (2010), legitimately states, individual translation is at last what pins down the choice about whether crafted by T.H. Marshall can be viewed as social law based. Key subjects that are fundamental to Social Democracy have been recognized as: the advancement of equity, opportunity, social mix and general rights to government assistance (Held and Thompson, 1989; Turner, 1993). Ostensibly Marshall’s (1949/92) support of these convictions recognizes him as a social democrat of sorts, regardless of whether maybe he moved away from this situation in later life. Delanty (2000) alludes to Marshall’s sees as a socially law based left wing liberal way to deal with citizenship. Marshall’s Citizenship hypothesis, despite the fact that seen as spearheading, has been the bleeding edge of numerous scrutinizes (Dwyer, 2010). As Tilly (1996) states, Marxist pundits of Marshall’s take a shot at citizenship are broadly known, portraying the investigation Marshall has given as shallow as it doesn't feature, a citizen’s option to control monetary creation, which has been contended as a need for ceaseless shared fortune (Somers, 1994). Besides, women's activist points of view as expressed by Lister (2008) states Marshall’s hypothesis as being very bound in being exclusively on men, while not recognizing, the social privileges of ladies. (Held and Thompson 1989). Consequently, Marshall’s Theory mirrors that of just the average workers white male viewpoint (Lister, 2003). His explanation that in England all individuals were free and had social equality can be viewed as created, as at the time just men had ‘legal freedom’ o r the capacity to practice political or social liberties (Lister, 2008). Moreover, Marshall doesn't talk about different parts of society including peasants and sex and racial hierarches

American Revolution Lesson Integrating Multiple Sources to Answer a Question

American Revolution Lesson Integrating Multiple Sources to Answer a Question (0) This is the first in a series of lessons that teach research and writing skills around the topic of the American Revolution. Overview In this lesson, you will learn how to evaluate multiple sources in diverse formats and put them together to answer a question. Multiple Sources During research, you will encounter many different types of sources. These can include primary and secondary sources of many different types. Editorial cartoons, newspaper articles, legislative documents, speeches, videos, and secondary texts are just a few examples. Each type of source has its own strengths and weaknesses. Primary and Secondary Sources Primary sources were produced at the time of the event you are researching. These can include diary entries, newspaper articles, speeches, television footage, even Facebook posts and live Tweets. Secondary sources are created “after the fact.” These secondary sources can present a summary of what occurred and can include multiple points of view. Secondary sources include textbooks, academic journal articles, memorial websites, and documentary films. Print and Digital Sources As you know, the type of source itself can vary depending on the era of creation. Today you may search for digital versions of your sources. Fifty years ago, almost all sources were printed. While digital sources make historical research easy, they also have strengths and weaknesses just like print sources. Source Strengths and Weaknesses Any source you encounter will have strengths and weaknesses; this will affect if and how you will use it in your research and writing. Sources can be assessed on the basis of task, purpose, and audience. As a reminder: Task is the reason why you are looking for sources. You should choose sources relevant to your task. Purpose is the reason why that source was createdto inform, to persuade, or to entertain. Audience is the individual or group for whom the source was written. How a source communicates will vary with its intended audience and purpose. Editorial Cartoons Listen to the sound clip below:? Editorial cartoons: Visual representations of opinion Persuasive Audience = readers at the time of publication Good for understanding contemporary opinions Need more context and additional sources to be  balanced Newspaper Articles Listen to the sound clip below: Narrative accounts of events Informative Audience = readers at the time of publication Good source for contemporary information and opinions Petitions Listen to the sound clip below: Formal documents that make a case or state a position Informative or persuasive Written for recipients of the petition Useful to see contemporary opinion Requires context to understand the petition Speeches Listen to the sound clip below: Spoken texts Persuasive Audience = listeners and attendees of the speech Useful to see contemporary opinion Context needed to understand, as well as additional research to understand references made? Sources About Economics and the American Revolution In order to answer the question,  How did economics contribute to the start of the American Revolution?,  you will need to examine an array of sources, then integrate the information the sources provide to come up with a complete answer. Below, you will look at the Tea Act, itself, a set of resolutions, and a newspaper article about the Tea Act of 1773. In each case, you will need to consider not only what the document says, but also the purpose and audience of the source. How can these sources help you address your task? The Tea Act The British Parliament issued the Tea Act in 1773. Click he?re to view the first two paragraphs of the Tea Act. The document is complex, so try to skim for a general understanding. As you read, consider not only what the document says, but also the purpose and audience of the source. How would this source help you address your task? The audio clip provides further analysis.  Listen to the sound clip below: Philadelphia Resolution Click h?ere to view the “Philadelphia Resolutions,” a set of proclamations published in the Pennsylvania Gazette on October 16, 1773 in response to the Tea Act. As you read, consider not only what the document says, but also the purpose and audience of the source. How would this source help you address your task? Listen to the sound clip below to hear an analysis of the source.  ? Newspaper Article The most famous response to the Tea Act is the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773. Click he?re to view an account of that protest just after it occurred. Consider not only what the document says, but also the purpose and audience of the source. How would this source help you address your task? Listen to the sound clip below to hear an analysis of the source. Putting the Sources Together The sources that you have seen â€" the law, the  set of resolutions, and the newspap?er accountâ€" can help you answer the question, How was the economy a contributor to the beginning of the American Revolution? You can put these sources together to show how British actions regarding the Tea Act, an economic policy, led to a colonial response. Resolutions, boycotts, and extra-legal action like dumping the tea were all responses to the economic policy that laid the groundwork for the American Revolution. Conclusion In this lesson you evaluated multiple sources from different formats, looking at the strengths and weaknesses of each source in terms of task,  purpose and audience. You combined these sources to answer a historical question about the influence of economics on the causes and course of the American Revolution. Help  your students cite in  MLA format, APA format,   Chicago style  with our guides and citation tools!

Interview At Agency For Health Care Administration

Interview Assignment The subject of my interview is Roger Bell, CPA, and Manager at Agency for Health Care Administration. The reason Bell was chosen is because of his contributions as a Certified Public Accountant, CPA and Manager at Agency for Health Care Administration. The area of expertise of Mr. Bell’s is similar to my future goals. The subject of my interview owned a small accounting firm in Cedar Key, Florida. There are two crazy times for tax season in accounting firms. The first busy tax season is from January 1st to April 15th. The next busy tax time is from September 1st to October 15th. The latter tax time is when corporations and people that have filed six-month extensions. During tax time can be compared to being in a boxing match, the personnel are highly stressed with short fuses. The turnover rate is high because of the abundance of the extra workload during these two tax times. The personnel that remain in their employment are severely overworked; there is a lot of overtime. The only times of the year that anyone was allowed vacation time were in the months of May or June or December. The services that were offered in the accounting firm consisted of tax return preparations, basic accounting services, and bookkeeping services. Consulting services were available to assist the community with people developing budgets for personal and businesses purposes. Also, Bell desired, while the owner of the accounting firm, to be able to assist his clients withShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Administrator And The Administration Of The Emergency Department At Virginia Beach General Hospital1273 Words   |  6 Pagesdemanding, but being an administrator is a field that can reshape the future state of health care. As a health care administrator there are so many different aspects of healthcare that an individual can be involved in. 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Persuasive Essay On Gun Control - 1789 Words

Imagine yourself at home late at night alone and there is a mask man with a gun in your home.You only have a few seconds to act what do you do? This is an example that can happen to anyone.One option is to call the police but the average police response time in California in is 11 minutes. The other solution is a firearm that you can draw within a few second.You don’t have to shoot them but it might scare him to stop. Wayne LaPierre, Executive Vice President of the NRA, stated, The only thing that stops a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun. Now what happens when Guns are banned then what?First we need to learn about gun control. In 1791, the United States Congress passed the, by now all too well known Second Amendment to the†¦show more content†¦The would-be assassin was a man of questionable character who obtained a revolver from a common pawn shop in Dallas, Texas. To this day, Section 922 of the U.S. Code imposes limits upon the following categories of people (who are of age) from shipping, transporting, receiving, or possessing firearms or ammunition: †¢persons convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year †¢ fugitives from justice †¢ unlawful users or addicts of any controlled substance as defined in Section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act †¢ persons adjudicated as â€Å"mental defective† or committed to mental institutions; †¢ unauthorized immigrants and nonimmigrant visitors (with exceptions in the latter case, which have changed—effective July 9, 2012—as described below); †¢ persons dishonorably discharged from the U.S. Armed Forces; †¢ persons who have renounced their U.S. citizenship; †¢ persons under court-order restraints related to harassing, stalking, or threatening an intimate partner or child of such intimate partner; and †¢ persons convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence. 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You may think the mass shootings in America the guns used were bought illegally, but â€Å"since 1982, there have been at least 62 mass shooter carried out with firearms across the country, with the killings unfolding in 30 states from Massachusetts to Hawaii. Of the 139 guns possessed by the killers, more than three quarters wereRead More Persuasive Articles on Gun Control Essays607 Words   |  3 PagesPersuasive Articles on Gun Control Persuading an audience can be done in several different fashions, one of which is Hugh Rank’s Model of Persuasion. Rank’s model states that two major strategies are used to achieve the particular goal of persuasion. These strategies are nicely set into two main schemas; the first method is to exaggerate an aspect of something, known as â€Å"intensify.† While the second is to discredit it, which is referred to as â€Å"downplay.† Al Franken, Jeffrey SnyderRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1018 Words   |  5 PagesImagine, an America where no citizen, law abiding or not, has the legal ability to own guns. Three gunmen with fully automatic rifles walk into a crowded city and begin firing. No law abiding citizen can defend themselves. It’s hopeless. This future can only be prevented if Americans continue to keep the second amendment. We should keep the current gun control laws, but revise them to make them even better. Most gun own ers are responsible under the current laws, however, I think some laws need to beRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1245 Words   |  5 Pagesand time again. Due to recent tragedies involving firearms, the view of guns and peoples rights to own and operate firearms have been frowned upon and viewed in a bad light due to Media. News sources have cherrypicked pictures of tragedies and stories about bad instances of gun usage in order to fight for Gun Control and the suppression of Americans rights. Due to the recent Vegas shooting, the argument for Gun Control has never been more intense, and Media outlets are having a field day onRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control915 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically guns haven’t been a national issue. It is not until relatively recently that an overwhelming amount of people have been in favor of placing stricter laws on the owning of a fire arm. The call for gun control has become more prevalent in the eyes of the government and the people; the gun laws that are also often proposed are irrational and ineffective. One could not simply ban guns, it is comparable to banning a certain genre of music; it’s unachievable and would be a fruitless pursuitRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1745 Words   |  7 Pagescruelty to animals, and yet he was able to buy four guns legally (Rosenberg). That is the most recent example of why Americans need more gun control laws. Guns are not cool or makes you look good, they are a da ngerous piece of machinery that Americans take advantage of. The average American in the right mindset should not want to own anything more than one handgun or rifle for hunting or protecting their household. Gun control reform that limits gun ownership, enforces mandatory background checks, andRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1439 Words   |  6 Pagesreason why Americans own so many guns is because of the Second Amendment, which states, â€Å"A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.† (Rauch) This amendment guarantees U.S. citizens the right to have firearms. Since this amendment is relatively vague, it is up for interpretation, and is often used by gun advocates to argue for lenient gun laws. Hence, gun control is a frequently discussed controversialRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control967 Words   |  4 Pagessaid gun violence has gotten out of hand. This do esn’t mean that the second amendment is the cause of it. Gun Violence has become such a big part of the Second Amendment since they both play a major part of the gun industry. Guns have become such a powerful source to many individuals. With the second amendment placed, this means we have gun control, which are rules that regulate, the manufacture, possession, modification, or use of firearms by civilians. There should be a stricter law on gun controlRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1634 Words   |  7 PagesOver the recents years, there have been many arguments about the issue of gun control at the state and national level. In California, there have been a variety of enacted laws within recent years to address the issue of growing gun violence around the country and ways to prevent terrorist attacks. California s new enacted laws about gun control in the state range from abolishing certain features on weapons to restricting certain handguns or other firearms a person might buy. The legislative branch

I can only dream for so long, before they become nightmares Free Essays

It was not like her to hide herself away, today she seemed more tortured, frightened. She was a ghost to herself, unable to surround herself with the illusions that conjured her putrid smile. In the corner she forever laid, like a silhouette of dreams protected, yet captured by the ambience of life itself. We will write a custom essay sample on I can only dream for so long, before they become nightmares or any similar topic only for you Order Now The intelligence of her once intrigued mind fell short with the constant shivers of things that once were. Do I seem myself; do I seem happy to others? Does my prolonged absence from the world affect the way people see me? I can’t always be so positive, life has taught me that much. But I’ve tried for so long to see the good; to see the light that’s suppose to forever shine upon me, yet it’s so far beyond my reach, however much I try, my jealous being stops me entirely, tying me down, chaining me to the withering of existence that is me. I can only dream for so long, before they become nightmares. Nightmares I can’t escape! Within her mind was always the agitated concept of doubt, yet however she placed it, she could not seem to dictate what effect it would have on her. Unwilling to except the hand of others, she struggled with the journey of living and the tragedy of knowing. To be someone that people noticed, was a dream she could only imagine through the echoing walls that held her from the person she aimed to be, yet as the darkness of the walls and the lights of the windows framed her vicious circle, she could only question the memories. Her mother was a kind, genuine creature, who always showed her that there was more to life, then just co-existing. But she could never see the beauty which her mother would talk about. Her father had left at an early age, leaving only a hole of bitterness and resentment in her unprotected heart that would always question her ability to live. She never thought of him as someone that loved her, but as someone who could not handle the concept of having a child. To think is to feel, and that’s not a journey worth taking. Can searching for an answer too graphic to understand be a conflict, and can you reach for something surreal and pray that it’s not an abstract illusion? If finding out the meaning of what once was, forces out the beauty from which it came, can I be judge of what I feel is right? So my father left me when I was young, and my mother blames herself for his disappearance, yet I feel compelled to still find him and ask those questions that haunted me for the last few years. So I play a game in my mind, a game that allows me to dictate the outcome, and that provides me with the acceptance of his cowardly soul. If I look through him, can I see what ambition he had? Can I tell his story through my eyes? Yet I’ve grown out of caring about his particular emotions, or the way his smile is. Time was never on her side, but it was a factor that she become used to. A timeless presence of doubt was always abundant, it clawed and ripped apart the person she once knew, choking and crushing the things that seemed awake in her. Her father was her source of doubt. Like a demon, holding her to him, getting tighter as she grew older, but She would always think about him and the day he left, but never for too long, there was a voice inside of her that protected her from the bellowing and shame of his once gentle voice that always seemed to settle her as she slept. The controllable aspects of her mind always vanished when she left her corner. She was obligated to stay there never to move, never to feel the way others did. Her mother thought she was doomed to a life on her own, a life that could only bring pain and destruction. Nothing was foreseeable in her darkened future, the lines were scratch out, living a complex life so full of confusion and sorrow. As the night settled in and the luminous light was but a figment of what once was, she dwelled in the opportunity of delusions and fiction. And as she swayed from side to side, holding her legs ever so tightly, the images of her youth seemed to pour out of her like a twisted play acted out by the misapprehension of others. To seem as normal as possible was always her goal, finding the fault in the memory of others and not herself, but that was a game too complicated for her to play out. The night was colder than usual more putrid, more harmful, its shivering wind was almost alive, playing with the restless and fearful. She could not move, she could not breathe, her reactions were slow, almost as if something was holding her down, and taking away the very essence that is her. I can’t move, I can’t feel, is it my time. The air is so cold, I can’t seem to warm myself up. If I move I know I’ll become insane, the melody of deformed creatures, is move vivid than usual. I am a ghost to myself, a plague which I’ve grown accustomed to. Can I play out the things that seem to be awake? an I change the meaning of words that I don’t know and rehearse them till they become the knowledge that changes my situation? My mother has tried for so long to recreate the image I have made for myself. The image that I am now has scared her. She never looks at me the same anymore, her looks are more disgusted, more tortured and they seem to be on fire. I can feel her slipping away from me. The night is the only time I don’t feel safe, I don’t feel like me, it’s c ruel and mindless, possessing a nature of a different kind. If I run, how far will I reach before it swallows me, taking away all that I am, in the night I am a monster, a nightmare that would bring tears to all that saw me. In her mind she was the very reason of all the suffering and pain to others around her, she could only escape the nightmare if the sun was up, for its rays of purity and truth were the only reason she had not become the thing that seemed to corrupt her. She was the meaning which you could not find, the lonely hero that was only visible through the sun. It seemed that nothing would be able to release her from herself. A soul forever doomed. How to cite I can only dream for so long, before they become nightmares, Papers

Hamlets Treatment of Ophelia and Gertrude Essay Example For Students

Hamlets Treatment of Ophelia and Gertrude Essay Modern folklore suggests women look at a mans relationship with his mother to predicthow they will treat other women in their life.Hamlet is a good example of a sonstreatment of his mother reflecting how he will treat the woman he loves because whenconsidering Hamlets attitude and treatment of the Ophelia in William Shakespearesplay, Hamlet, one must first consider how Hamlet treated his mother. A characteristic of Hamlets personality is to make broad, sweeping generalizations and nowhere is thismore evident than in his treatment toward women. Very early in the play, whilediscussing his mothers transgressions, he comments, Frailty, thy name is woman. (Hoy,11). Hamlet appears to believe all women act in the same manner as his mother. The first time the audience meets Hamlet, he is angry and upset at QueenGertrude, his mother, for remarrying his uncle so soon after the death of his father. In hisfirst soliloquy he comments on the speed of her remarriageWithin a month,Ere yet the salt o f most unrighteous tearsHad left the flushing in her galled eyes,She married. O, most wicked speed, to postWith such dexterity to incestuous sheets!It is not, nor it cannot come to good. (Hoy, 11)It is understandable Hamlet is upset with his mother for forgetting about his father andmarrying his uncle, Claudius. In Hamlets eyes, his father deserves more than one monthof mourning and by remarrying so quickly, the queen has sullied King Hamlets memory. This remarriage is a sin and illegal, however special dispensation was made because sheis queen. Hamlets opinion of his mother worsens as the play progresses because his father,who appears as a ghost, tells him of his mothers adulterous behavior and his unclesshrewd and unconscionable murder. Although Hamlet promises to seek revenge on KingClaudius for murdering his father, he is initially more concerned with the ghostsrevelations regarding his mother. King Hamlet tells Hamlet not to be concerned with hismother but after the apparition leaves, it is the first thing Hamlet speaks of. Beforevowing to avenge his fathers death, he comments on the sins his mother committed. Although Hamlet decides to pretend to be insane in order to plot against the King,it is clear, he really does go mad. His madness seems to amplify his anger toward hismother. During the play scene, he openly embarrasses her and acted terribly toward herin the closet scene. The closet scene explains much about Hamlets treatment of womenand his feelings toward his mother. Hamlet yells at his mother for destroying his abilityto love. He accuses her of such an actThat blurs the grace and blush of modesty,Calls virtue hypocrite, takes off the roseFrom the fair forehead of an innocent loveAnd sets a blister there. Hamlet curses his mother for being responsible for his inability to love Ophelia. QueenGertrudes actions have caused Hamlet to see all women in a different light because shehas taken away his innocence and love for women. After Hamlet kills Polonius, he tests Queen Gertrude to see if she knows aboutthe murder of his father and both he and the audience seem satisfied she was not party tothat knowledge. Hamlet takes it upon himself to tell the queen her new husband killedthe former king, however he is interrupted by the ghost who warns Hamlet not to tell hismother. The ghosts tells Hamlet he should be more concerned with King Claudius,suggesting revenge must be taken soon (Dover Wilson, 248). .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf , .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf .postImageUrl , .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf , .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf:hover , .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf:visited , .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf:active { border:0!important; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf:active , .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uffeb2b3fdd9f0688861713b41a2b2edf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An Event that Changed My Life EssayDuring this scene Queen Gertrude is unable to see her dead husband which inElizabethan times implied she was unable to see the gracious figure of her husbandbecause her eyes are held by the adultery she has committed (Dover Wilson, 254). Theghosts steals away from the closet when he realizes his widow cannot see him, causingHamlet to hate Gertrude even more because he felt the same rejection when Opheliarejected him. He can feel his fathers grief as a son and as a lover (Dover Wilson, 255). It was devastating to see his father rejected by the queen in the same manner he wasrejected by Ophelia. Understanding Hamlets hatred toward his mother is pivotal in understanding hisrelationship with Ophelia because it provides insight into his treatment of Ophelia. InHamlets eyes, Ophelia did not treat him with the love and respect she should have. Hamlet and Ophelia loved each other but very early in the play, she is told by her fatherto break off all contact with him. Hamlet is understandably upset and bewildered whenOphelia severs their relationship with no explanation. The audience does not see the next interaction with Hamlet and Ophelia but hearOphelia tell her father about Hamlets distress, causing them to both to believe Hamlet ismad, thus falling for his plot. According to Ophelia, Hamlets appearance was one of amadman. She described for her father the length of time he stayed her in bedroom andsaidHe raised a sigh so piteous and profoundAs it did seem to shatter all his bulk,And end his being. That done, he lets me go,And with his head over his shoulder turnedHe seemed to find his way without his eyes,For out adoors he went without their helps,And to the last bended their light on me. (Hoy, 27)Hamlet comes to Ophelia on the brink of a breakdown, partly caused by his mothersinfidelities and when he turns to his lover f or support, his mothers lesson are reinforcedand through her actions, Ophelia confirms in Hamlets mind, that women can not betrusted. Although Hamlet was pretending to be mad, he still loved Ophelia and wasdevastated by her disloyalty (Dover Wilson, 111-112). Although Ophelia was only following the wishes of her father, her actions suggestto Hamlet she can be no more trusted than Queen Gertrude. In a cryptic way Hamlet isincredibly rude to Polonius calling him a fishmonger, or a bawd and his daughter aprostitute in Act II (Dover Wilson, 105). This is the jilted lover speaking in this scenemore so than the mad man Hamlet is pretending to be. Hamlets anger deepens toward Ophelia when he hears of the King, Queen andPolonius plot to use Ophelia to find out if he has gone mad for love of her. PoorOphelia, just wanting to please her father and the royalty, sadly over plays her role duringthe nunnery scene. Ophelia anxiously jumps into her role at the beginning of theirconversation, barely even greeting Hamlet before she tries to return his gifts. Althoughhe claims not to have given such gifts, she says My honored lord, you know right well you did,And with them words of so sweet breath composedAs made the things more rich. Their perfume lost,Take these again, for to the noble mindRich gifts wax poor when givers prove unkind. There, my lord. (Hoy, 45)With this speech, Ophelia wanted to provoke Hamlet into declaring his love, but instead,he called her a liar. The entire rest of this scene is meant for Polonius and the King whoare listening. Hamlet recognizes Ophelias dismal attempt at acting and gives her onelast chance to redeem herselfHam. Wheres your father?Oph. At home my lord. (Hoy, 45)Ophelia has failed the final test because Hamlet knows her father is listening. At thispoint in the play, Hamlet is very unstable and in his mind, he thinks all women areadulterous like his mother and cannot be trusted. Ophelia has just proved this to him andhe acts terribly toward her, telling herGet thee to a nunnery, farewell. Or if thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool,for wise men know well enough what monsters you make of them. To anunnery, go, and quickly too. Farewell. (Hoy, 46)Hamlet seems to be talking about women in general when he says a wise man knowswhat a monster a woman can make of them. He is being very c ruel to all women, not justOphelia, in this scene, because they are all the same to him. Hamlet goes as far as callingOphelia a prostitute as a nunnery refers to a bawd house (Dover Wilson, 134). .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 , .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 .postImageUrl , .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 , .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374:hover , .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374:visited , .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374:active { border:0!important; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374:active , .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374 .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u532ce224f37ddf3b3fc97c8e1589b374:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Photosynthesis EssayFor someone who is presumably in love, Hamlet treats Ophelia terribly in thisplay. His anger and hatred toward his mother, on top of his insanity, makes it difficultfor him to see that Ophelia was following her fathers orders, not purposefully betrayingHamlet. This treatment of women is unbecoming of a hero in a tragedy and really showsthe extent of his insanity. It was too much for Hamlet to accept the death of his father bythe hand of his uncle and the adulterous behavior of his mother, so consequently he wasvery harsh on Ophelia. Hamlet could not bear any more rejection and despair in his lifewhich Ophelia, whether she meant to or not, brought into i t. Category: Shakespeare

How did lady Macbeth and witches changed Essay Example

How did lady Macbeth and witches changed Paper They persuaded Macbeth to kill people only because they wanted to be benefited. They were selfish and not worrying that they would soon turn Macbeth into a crazed lunatic The witches delighted in chaos and toil. They did not tell Macbeth what to do but they simply showed him what can happen through their prophecies and the apparitions they showed to Macbeth. Macbeth couldve been a perfect target for them to bring about this chaos. Macbeth is a strong soldier, he has killed enemies in war, and perhaps the witches knew his true nature(by the prickling of my thumb, meeting wicked this way comes ). The extent of their influenced is demonstrated through their predictions, they are temptations and a form of flattery which Macbeth eventually gave into. On one hand, Lady Macbeth has the far greater influence because she is Machetes wife and they share a passionate relationship together. Just like the witches she flatters him, but this time It Is a direct flattery and a direct temptation towards him. As far as Macbeth being changed into a different person, he himself is responsible for his own actions. The final decision lies within him and this as demonstrated when he carried out the murder of King Duncan. We will write a custom essay sample on How did lady Macbeth and witches changed specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How did lady Macbeth and witches changed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How did lady Macbeth and witches changed specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Lady Macbeth acts as the catalyst for Macbeth. Macbeth realized that he would have to commit regicide (stars, hide your fires; let light not see my deep and black desires), but he was unwilling to do so. Lady Macbeth changes his mind by attacking his manhood, despite the brave acts he has committed as a soldier. She also flatters him shamelessly. The murder of Duncan sets Macbeth on the trail of evil, as he didnt consult his wife when he killed Banquet and Macadams family. He didnt even care when she committed suicide. The witches represent the Three Fates In Greek Mythology. They connotative destiny, fate, etc. They delight and thrive In chaos and toll. In my opinion, the witches represent the primeval human emotions of hate and wickedness. They are all that Is wrong with humanity. They also bring a supernatural theme In the play. The witches do not seem human, as when Banquet says they look Like women, yet their beards defy this theory. They have not the power to kill, only manipulate. In laymans terms,They can tell you the stuff you wan hear, to bring you down. 🙂 They also help Macbeth, as they awaken his dark mammalians, and a insatiable will to claim the golden round (the crown). The witches also seem to befriend Macbeth as one of them, saying that he Is a wayward child. They also seemed to know his true nature- by the prickling of my thumb, something (not someone, suggesting that he has lost his humanity and personality) wicked this way comes. How did lady Macbeth and witches changed the Macbeth into bad person? By Georgia-Whelan apparitions they showed to Macbeth. Macbeth couldve been a perfect target for Just like the witches she flatters him, but this time it is a direct flattery and a direct hen she committed suicide. The witches represent the Three Fates in Greek Mythology. They connotative destiny, fate, etc. They delight and thrive in chaos and toil. Wickedness. They are all that is wrong with humanity. They also bring a supernatural theme in the play. The witches do not seem human, as when Banquet says they look like women, yet their beards defy this theory. They have not the power to kill, only you down. 🙂 They also help Macbeth, as they awaken his dark ambitions, and a befriend Macbeth as one of them, saying that he is a wayward child. They also

Merriam-Websters Words of the Year 2008

Merriam-Websters Words of the Year 2008 Merriam-Websters Words of the Year 2008 Merriam-Websters Words of the Year 2008 By Maeve Maddox The most looked-up words in the online Merriam-Webster dictionary in 2008 reflect the nations preoccupation with discussions surrounding the Presidential campaign. Seven of the tenbailout, vet, socialism, maverick, rogue, misogyny, and bipartisanhave political associations. The other threeturmoil, trepidation, and precipicehave appreared frequently this year in discussions of the stock market and the economy. Some of these words have more colorful backgrounds than others. bailout [bÄ lout] When I hear bailout I have the mental image of corporation executives in 3-piece suits sitting in a leaking boat, tossing bucketfuls of water overboad as fast as they can, and scanning the horizon for a ship that will rescue them. The verb to bail, with the sense toss water out of a boat comes from a word for bucket. vet [vÄ•t] This verb, with the meaning to examine carefully before approving, may derive from the examination of a racehorse by a veterinarian before a race. Kipling used it in this sense in 1904. Its meaning expanded to mean the careful vetting of anything requiring approval, from a manuscript to a job applicant. The word was apparently unfamiliar to a lot of Americans until Obama used it. I heard it used frequently when I lived in England. socialism [sÃ… shÉ™-lÄ ­zÉ™m] Not at all an unfamiliar word to Americans, the spike in looking it up may have had something to do with the contradictory ways in which the word was being used. While the socialism label was being waved about as a Bad Thing by campaigners, the federal government was practicing what seemed to be a form of socialism by taking over ownership of Wall Streets mortgage-backed assets. rogue [rÃ… g] When Sarah Palin supposedly contradicted something McCain had said, TV commentators kept saying shed gone rogue. Their meaning seemed to be that shed become uncontrollable, rather like a rogue elephant trampling its keepers. Here are some definitions of rogue from Merriam-Webster: adjective: resembling or suggesting a rogue elephant, especially in being isolated, aberrant, dangerous, or uncontrollable corrupt, dishonest of or being a nation whose leaders defy international law or norms of international behavior noun: a dishonest or worthless person; scoundrel a mischievous person : scamp a horse inclined to shirk or misbehave an individual exhibiting a chance and usually inferior biological variation misogyny [mÄ ­-sÃ… jÉ™-nÄ“] hatred of women. The question of misogyny comes up whenever a woman runs for office. This years campaign with two high profile women explains interest in this word. maverick [mÄÆ'vÉ™r-Ä ­k or mÄÆ'vrÄ ­k]- John McCain frequently described himself as a maverick. When Sarah Palin joined his campaign, she too adopted the epithet. They used it in the sense of person who is not controlled by others. Maverick is an eponynm. Samuel Maverick (1803-1870) was a lawyer, politician, and land baron who refused to brand his cattle. He claimed he didnt want to hurt them, but other ranchers believed he didnt brand them so that he could then claim any unbranded calf as his own. Maverick first meant an unbranded calf, but came to have the figurative sense of masterless. bipartisan [(bÄ «-prtÄ ­-zÉ™n, -sÉ™n] Heres a word that sounds pretty good at the end of a two year campaign filled with inter- and intra-party bickering: of, relating to, or involving members of two parties; specifically, marked by or involving cooperation, agreement, and compromise between two major political parties. I can vote for that! The remaining three words in the Top Ten are all fraught with scary connotations. trepidation [trÄ•pÄ ­-dÄ shÉ™n] from a Latin word meaning to tremble, trepidation is a synonym for fear. People who regard a situation with trepidation may be shaking in their boots. Ex. Chinas Widening Footprint Prompts Trepidation. precipice [prÄ•sÉ™-pÄ ­s] from a Latin word meaning headlong, a precipice is a steep eminence from which it would be very scary to fall, as in Were hurtling over the economic precipice. turmoil [tà »rmoil] a state or condition of extreme confusion, agitation, or commotion, as in World Economic Turmoil. Maybe next year well be looking up happier words. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:The Four Sounds of the Spelling OU

The challengs facing kindergarten teachers for deal with children whom Essay

The challengs facing kindergarten teachers for deal with children whom English is an additional language - Essay Example There was the definition of the research question and the explanation of the significance of the paper. The second chapter looked into the literature of challenges faced by kindergarten teachers when dealing with children whom English is an additional language. The chapter critically evaluated the consideration of the essence of bilingual education in the kindergarten. This chapter mostly focused on various policy issues in the UK related to kindergarten classrooms that teach English as a second language. The third chapter concentrated on the research methodology and design. This was a qualitative research because the results are expected to describe challenges facing ESL kindergarten teachers, rather than predicting the challenges. The fourth chapter dealt with the outcome of the study. The discussion of these findings is in chapter five. The section dealt with the interpretation of results of the study into the challenges faced by teachers of kindergarten pupils with EAL. The last chapter focused on the conclusion and recommendation of the study. Here, the paper identified implication for the change and summarized the key findings. According to Clarke (2009), most parents who English are not their families’ first language, worry how their children will cope in an English-speaking kindergarten. Kindergarten teachers are used to helping children whose English is an additional language. Statistics indicate that, one in nine kindergarten pupils learns English as an additional language in the UK (Colombo, 2014). A language mismatch between teachers and the children they teach in Kindergarten, as noted in a study by Bialystok (1991), can result in uncomfortable classroom experiences for some children and teachers. The children that join Kindergarten and find familiar environments and teachers who speak English, feel they are moving ‘around the same

Gender Gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gender Gap - Essay Example Some women are very interested in female equality, some are apathetic, and some stand firmly against it. This study further concluded that the more education the father has, the more likelihood there is that the daughter will be a feminist. Sexism is a process based on historical traditions and stereotypes. Sexism is the process of assigning life roles according to gender. The basic institutions of socialization are education and the family. Sexism begins in the family. The behaviors associated with sexism are so deeply ingrained into our minds that sexist behaviors are generally unconscious. Both men and women practice sexism in their daily behaviors by means of speech, dress, attitudes, and goals. â€Å"Unfortunately, the potential for harm is great, as gender bias in children’s literature historically has been widespread. Early studies of picture books from the 1970s and before have shown that under-representation of girls and women and gender-typed character roles are pre valent in a variety of samples of children’s books but under-representation was not as severe†. Sexism respects neither race nor color nor culture. It can be compared with racism in that it identifies a portion of the population and designates them "different" and, therefore, inferior. Sexism involves the combination of power and prejudice. Male dominance and female passiveness have remained in cultural, institutional, and individual practices even though technological advancements have negated strength and speed as required factors of dominance.... Still another significant factor determined by this study is that the higher the educational level in the home, the more likely girls are to believe in equal rights. The following paragraph is less than 1 page Sexism is a process based on historical traditions and stereotypes. Sexism is the process of assigning life roles according to gender (Berggren 2006, p. 132). The basic institutions of socialization are education and the family. Sexism begins in the family. The behaviors associated with sexism are so deeply ingrained into our minds that sexist behaviors are generally unconscious. Both men and women practice sexism in their daily behaviors by means of speech, dress, attitudes, and goals (Berggren 2006, p. 134). "Unfortunately, the potential for harm is great, as gender bias in children's literature historically has been widespread. Early studies of picture books from the 1970s and before have shown that under-representation of girls and women and gender-typed character roles are prevalent in a variety of samples of children's books but under-representation was not as severe" (Hamilton et al 2006, p. 759). Sexism respects neither race nor color nor culture. It can be compared with raci sm in that it identifies a portion of the population and designates them "different" and, therefore, inferior. Sexism, like racism, involves the combination of power and prejudice. Male dominance and female passiveness have remained in cultural, institutional, and individual practices even though technological advancements have negated strength and speed as required factors of dominance. Society, being codified by men, decrees that the female is inferior (Elgar 2004, p. 876). The problems of

Development Of Autobiographical Memory Psychology Essay

Development Of Autobiographical Memory Psychology Essay Three Forms of Social Interaction in Early Life and the Development, Organisation and Maintenance of Autobiographical Memory. Autobiographical memories are those enduring memories of events and personal experiences which are drawn from in the construction of an individuals life story. The personal and social meanings attached to those memories provide us and those we relate our story to, with a sense of how we became who we are. The development of an inner autobiographical knowledge base begins with the onset of the cognitive self and social interaction plays an important role in shaping and maintaining our memories. This essay will describe three forms of social interaction and how these influence the development, organisation and maintenance of autobiographical memory early in life. The interaction forms described focus on gender development, personality development and distancing from the negative emotions of an event. There is debate in psychology over the timeframe in which autobiographical memories begin to develop. The sociolinguistic argument states that the acquisition of language is crucial to early life development of autobiographical memories which are created in the construction of our personal narrative (Fivush, Haden Reese, 2006). Proponents of the cognitive perspective however, have found empirical support for their argument that the development of the cognitive self, awareness of self as a separate individual, during the second year is of greater importance than the onset of language (Howe, Courage, Edison 2003). Howe et al. report the period of amnesia in infants ends with the ability to recognise oneself and self consciously touch a red spot surreptitiously placed on ones nose by an experimenter (2003). There is consensus however, that social interaction plays a vital role in the maintenance of memories and how these memories are recounted. Cross-cultural studies have shown that culturally driven styles of interaction lead children to create their story from culturally shaped memories. Investigation of American and Asian mother and child reminiscence reveal the promotion of independence and personal actualisation valued in American culture and interdependence and modesty valued in Asian culture occur during mother child interaction (Wang Brockmeier, 2002). Comparisons of Chinese and American student memories clearly demonstrate these culturally shaped practices influence how events are encoded into autobiographical memory. American students remember detailed events which emphasise the autonomous, assured self, while Chinese students are more likely to remember less detailed events with group orientation and personal humility (Wang Brockmeier, 2002). Research suggests that parent and care-giver reminiscence style and content aids the development of culturally determined gender norms, values and beliefs. Fivush (1994) found during observations that white middle class mothers tended to be more elaborative in their talk about personally relevant past with girls than boys, whose language skills where not developed enough to steer or influence the conversation. Greater adult reminiscence elaboration and encouragement to construct their own narrative aids a childs autobiographical recall and solidifies the memories (Fivush, Haden Reese, 2006). Further, mothers clearly distinguished between boys and girls when leading talk about the emotional content of events. Girls tended to be given the message that they should seek out an adult to resolve fear or sadness and were encouraged to find resolution to conflict within their own relationships. Talk with boys included more emphasis on independence and attribution and explanation of anger wi th less talk of resolution. These patterns suggest that western children are socialised to understand that anger is more tolerable in boys than girls, and girls have greater responsibility towards others feelings in relationships (Fivush, 1994). Studies with adults confirm that western women and men remember differently, women recall more events that are relationship focussed (Skowski, Gibbons, Vogl Walker, 2004). The research discussed suggests that gender identities are influenced in early social interaction and autobiographical memories will develop to reflect the gendered values of ones culture. Another form of reminiscence between adult and young child serves to reinforce desirable aspects of the childs developing personality and discourage less desirable aspects. Discussion of a childs memories builds self awareness but can illicit tension, for example disapproval in relation to an episode when the child was particularly stubborn. The tension lies between the childs ideal self (loveable) actual self (stubborn) and ought self (co-operative) (Conway Pleydell-Pearce, 2000). Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) devised the Self Memory System to explain how autobiographical memory is organised in terms of the complex hierarchical goal structure of the working-self which interacts with the autobiographical knowledge base. The onset of self consciousness, the cognitive self is necessary for the organisation of memories (Howe et al., 2003). The working-self goals of a young child, i.e. to be loved and accepted, are motivated by needs such as, to increase positive affect and reduce n egative affect (Conway, Singer Tagini, 2004). Conway et al. (2004) suggest that self defining memories have the strength to incorporate personal scripts into enduring autobiographical knowledge. Scripts, for example stubborn behaviour, the associated emotion and outcome, become cues and link together related autobiographical memories into themes. If being loved and accepted is a childs goal the theme stubbornness, will activate relevant memories from cues in the situation and help the child predict if being stubborn in a context will elicit a loving parental response or the opposite. In this way memories are organised to be drawn on as tools to assess how plausible and reachable goals are (Conway et al., 2004). However memories are malleable and can become distorted across time and in interaction. Researchers have found that the organisation of autobiographical memories, linked together by themes activated by contextual cues, is the foundations of personality (Woike, Gershkovich, P iorkowski Polo, 1999). Reminiscence between care-giver and child can function to equip the child with the skill to step back from the negative affect associated with an original event. On the other hand adults will encourage children to savour the positive affect tagged to an event. A body of research has demonstrated that people generally experience the fading affect bias, where event positive affect is much stronger at recall than equivalent event negative affect (Ritchie, Skowronski, Wood, Walker, Vogl Gibbons, 2006). The more a memory is talked over the better the maintenance of the memory and the stronger the fading affect bias (Skowronski et. al, 2004). From approximately two and a half years children begin to understand reasoning and often becomes fixated on why questions. Once this questioning is realised care-givers can incorporate an understanding of why events happened in their reminiscence with the child. Reduction of negative affect is the result of conscious self-distancing from the affect a nd paying attention to why they feel negatively instead of focussing on what they experienced (Kross, Ayduk Mischel, 2005). Kross et al. (2005) found that negative affect does not fade if the individual uses a cognitive immersion strategy while reflecting on the unpleasant memory. Cognitive distancing from negative affect and savouring positive affect may be skills learned in childhood, and could be contributing to the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory found in adult populations. The persons life story begins to develop in early childhood with the development of the cognitive self. The specific construction of the story will be heavily influenced by adult led conversations shaped by the family and cultural values the child is born into. Life stories convey who we are, for example our beliefs about gender norms, and are built selectively from autobiographical memories. A person will be motivated by their current goals to emphasise aspects to of their history and personality through the reconstruction of the past that maximise positive affect in that particular context. Adult child reminiscence aids the organisation of these memories which are linked together by themes and activated by cues in the environment. Adults also have the capacity to teach children to enjoy the positive feelings linked to memories and to distance themselves from negative emotion attached to memory by stepping back and asking why an event is unpleasant.

Landscape in “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” by T. S. Eliot

Landscape in â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by T. S. Eliot Although the full meaning within T. S. Eliot’s dense poem â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† proves difficult to grasp, the deep meaning packed into every word makes the pursuit to understanding this poem a never-ending adventure. Scenery in â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† represents an intensely psychological account which should never, in any instance, by taken literally.The loss of time, the confusion of past, present and future tenses, the static movement, and the eternal metaphor of the question produces this psychological scenery which in turn amplifies the intensity of the poem. Time in â€Å"Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† plays a very important part in creating the landscape of the main character’s narration. The overwhelming sense of being caught in time begins within the first three lines after the epigraph: â€Å"Let us go then, you and I,/ When the evening is spread out against the sky/ Like a patient etherized upon a table;†.Just like a patient anesthetized by ether, the narrator appears trapped in a space of vulnerability at the mercy of others without the existence of time. Also, the association of the sky with an object as non-moving as a stone evokes a space in which the sky or the atmosphere has no movement: the loss of physical time. Time, in the case of the poem, appears endless (â€Å"And indeed there will be time. † pg. 4) as consequence to the narrator’s psychological state of â€Å"stuckness† and the sense of time becomes warped in confusion and solitude.J. Alfred Prufrock’s isolation also represents a loss of time within the poem. The repetition of â€Å"And indeed there will be time†¦There will be time, there will be time†¦And indeed there will be time† alludes, once again, to a landscape without time. Also phrases such as â€Å"In the room the women co me and go/ Talking of Michelangelo† use repetition for the purposes of emphasizing Prufrock’s monotonous existence and solitude without an attempt of improvement. . In addition, J.Hillis Miller explains: Like the women talking of Michelangelo, he exists in an eternal present, a frozen time in which everything that might possibly happen to him is as if it had already happened: â€Å"For I have known them all already, known them all† (CP, 4). In this time of endless repetition Prufrock cannot disturb the universe even if he should presume to try to do so. Everything that might happen is foreknown, and in a world where only one mind exists the foreknown has in effect already happened and no action is possible.Prufrock’s observation but lack of contribution emphasizes his state of solitude, and his consistent lack of contribution throughout the remainder of the poem demonstrates the impaired movement in the poem Similarly, the confusion of tense also demonstra tes a landscape without the existence of time. Confusion of tenses in â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† substantiates the feeling of immaterial space such as when:The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes   1 The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes   Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening   Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,   4 Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,   Slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,                                              And seeing that it was a soft October night   Curled once about the house, and fell asleep. 4) 8 The first two lines describe the fog in present tense, but the third in past tense. In the fourth line, Prufrock begins with past tense (Lingered upon the pools) and continues in present tense (that stand in the drains). The fifth line makes the same change in tenses and the remainder of the stanza continue s in past tense. Space, explains J. Hillis Miller, â€Å"must be exterior to the self if movement through it is to be more than the following of a tedious argument in the mind.In the same way only an objective time can be other than the self, so that the flow of time can mean change for that self†, therefore time has only a subjective existence for J. Alfred Prufrock. Subsequently, past, present, and future exist in the immediate moment. Static movement in â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† plays an important role in emphasizing the state of the poem’s landscape. Essentially, J. Alfred Prufrock admits to knowing the lack of movement when â€Å"In a minute there is time/ For decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse†.The narrator’s message that no matter what he does, there will never by change emphasizes a desperation to move which the character’s subconscious inhibits by habit and indecision. Monotony due to proclivity whe n â€Å"For I have known them all already, known them all:—/Have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons, / I have measured my life with coffee spoons;† demonstrates invariability in the narrators mind because all he points out having done exists in the mind: known the everyday routine, and measured every moment of his life in his mind.In addition to the narrator’s self-assessed lack of movement, Prufrock’s narration places him in a less-than-human position when he says, â€Å"I should have been a pair of ragged claws/ Scuttling across the floors of silent seas†. That Prufrock compares his monotonous existence as being equal to that of a crab in the silence and stillness of the ocean floor directly demonstrates his deadlocked existence.The continuance of the â€Å"unanswered question† also demonstrates mental deadlock because although the â€Å"overwhelming question† crops up multiple times throughout the poem, the narrator does not or cannot explain the question, nor does an answer arise. The lack of progress demonstrates an eternal present in â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock†. In addition to the endless time in â€Å"The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock† the metaphor of the question symbolizes the barrier between Prufrock’s mind and the outside world. The actual unanswered question throughout the story may demonstrate a lack of movement, but it extends much farther than a question. All that is miscommunication and incommunicable acts as an extension to the significance of the question. Throughout the poem, Prufrock’s struggle to communicate with both the characters in his mind and the reader demonstrates his self-acknowledged impotence.The inability to communicate when Prufrock says, â€Å"In the room the women come and go/ Talking of Michelangelo†(4) demonstrates the barrier between Prufrock and society because Prufrock never approaches the characters of which he spe aks, he only watches from an unknown distance in an unknown location. Although Prufrock does not approach these figures of society, the moments there is communication demonstrates social flaw. J.Hillis Miller explains that â€Å"Prufrock's vision is incommunicable, and whatever he says to the lady will be answered by, ‘That is not what I meant at all. /That is not it, at all’. The lady is also imprisoned in her own sphere, and the two spheres can never, like soap bubbles, become one. Each is impenetrable to the other†. The last five stanzas of the poem show a change in scenery which seems to switch to the seaside and then into the â€Å"chambers of the sea† which restores his original wish to have been a creature of the sea.This scene also demonstrates the consequences of attempted communication between the outside world and the narrator when: â€Å"We have lingered in the chambers of the sea/ By sea-girls wreathed with seaweed red and brown/ Till human v oices wake us, and we drown†. This passage, especially the end line, displays the effect of outside vitiation on Prufrock’s mental state. The result of drowning as consequence to the human voices isolates the bubble that is the narrator’s existence from the outside world which, once penetrated, can no longer function. The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† captures the landscape inside the mind of the narrator through many subtle and abstract ways. The intense meaning of the poem captured through the mind of the character uses the loss of time, the confusion of past, present and future tenses, the static movement, and the eternal metaphor of the question in order to produce an intensely psychological landscape. The obvious amount of thought and effort embedded in the language of â€Å"the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† demonstrates the great meaning seen within Eliot’s poetry.

Environmental Security: Bangladesh Essay

Abstract While reading International Relations I got acquainted with many contemporary issues which are really important to deal with for the competitive survival of Bangladesh in this age of globalization. Bangladesh is a developing country. It has to perform very carefully in order to continue a healthy and sustainable economic system. Bangladesh suffers from both internal and external threats which are both military and non-military. Among them Environmental Security (ES) is a matter of great importance. Because environmental calamities are great threat to economic development and are means of creating dependency on the donor countries. It is also controlling relation between states and also creating tension between them. So, time has come to take this issue more significantly and take necessary steps accordingly. This research paper contains how environment is having power over the matters of our country; creating balance of relationship with the donor countries; and what Bangladesh shoul d do in order to overcome the problems to establish better economics. Acknowledgement In order to provide a valid research paper, I have taken information from the lecture shits given by the department of International Relations. Internet has been a great source of information which I have mentioned in the part of bibliography. Moreover I have taken information from BANGLADESH: Non-traditional security, By Jyoti M. Pathania, and used speeches of George Kennan, Collin Powell in some relevant area. I am grateful to Dr. Qazi Kholiquzzaman Ahmed (Chairman, Governing Council, Dhaka School of Economics (DScE); Chairman, Governing Body, Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation). He has given me some clear view of the issue of Environmental Security. I have used some information in this research paper from his presentation on The Outcome OF Cancun Climate Change Conference (COP-16) and Bangladesh. My work has also been encouraged by Dr. jashim Uddin, General Manager, Palli Karma-Sahayak Foundation, who has great experience in the field of development in Bangladesh. 1.0 Introduction There have been two approaches to Security Studies: 1) Traditional Approach, i.e., Realist Approach and Non-traditional Approach, i.e., i) Widening Approach and ii) Deepening Approach. Since the end of the Cold War, there has been renewed interest in what is now called ‘non-traditional’ security issues. Among the non-traditional approach to security studies, the widening approach includes that states are functionally like units; states are not like units in terms of capability/power. Some are strong and some are weak. Inter-state relationship is governed by this power differentiation. As a result, anarchy is the ordering principle of international politics. States are bound to adapt to this anarchic system for their survival. However, in widening approach the referent object of security is state; state wants to secure state sovereignty, physical base of state (territory, resources and population) and political system. It simply includes a wide range of non-military threats to state security: both external and internal and military and non-military. The Environmental Security can be referred to this non-traditional approach of security, which is an internal and external non-military threat to a state that causes huge loss to the physical base of a state, demolishes economic situation and threats the sovereignty of state in this age of globalization. Hence the Environmental Security has become a matter of great importance in today’s world. Environmental security involves assessing the ways in which the quality of environmental systems relate to or impact the overall health and well-being of a state or society. It also refers to the relative protection of the environment from injury or degradation by manmade or natural processes due to accident, negligence, ignorance, or design from causes that cross national borders and endanger the livelihood or health of humans, the functional integrity of a state, or the stability of the international community. Most environmental threats to national and international security can be traced to man’s activities interfering into natural processes or the natural ecosystem. Some serious threats, however, may have natural origins, but become exacerbated from man’s activities. Examples of these include hurricanes, earthquakes and floods. Environmental Security (ES) is a matter of great importance since it also controls international relations between states. As late as 1985, the old cold warrior George Kennan Wrote in foreign affairs: Affairs concerning international relations and national interests in foreign countries. , identifying the threat to the world environment as one of the two supreme dangers facing mankind. But it was really in the post Cold War era that the world saw a dramatic increase in international activity around environmental issues. The United Nations Environmental Program has reported that about 170 treaties have been negotiated in recent years on various issues of the global environment. (1) 2.0 Importance of ES can be understood further by the following statement: â€Å"Few threats to peace and survival of the human community are greater than those posed by the prospects of cumulative and irreversible degradation of the biosphere on which human life depends. True security cannot be achieved by mounting buildup of weapons (defence in a narrow sense), but only by providing basic conditions for solving non-military problems which threatens them. Our survival depends not only on military balance, but on global cooperation to ensure a sustainable environment.† Brundtland Commission Report, 1987 In 1999, Collin Powell stressed the importance of ES saying: â€Å"Sustainable development is a compelling moral and humanitarian issue, but it is also a security imperative. Poverty, environmental degradation and despair are destroyers of people, of society, of nations. This unholy trinity can destabilize countries, even entire regions.† We are dependant upon the globe’s life-supporting eco-systems generating water, food, medicine, and clean air etc, but we actually did nothing to maintain this ecosystem. As a result the current and future generations will confront severe environmentally induced changes. The change has already started and is testing our traditional concepts and understandings of security, both national and beyond boundaries. In many cases conflicts are direct results of environmental degradation. Another important dimension of Environmental security is that it knows no state boundary. It affects humankind and its institutions and organizations anywhere and at anytime, which cannot be defended by any means of military defense or political negotiation. 3.0 VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS international relations, study of the relations among states and other political and economic units in the international system. Particular areas of study within the field of international relations include diplomacy and diplomatic history, international law, †¦.. Click the link for more information. THEORIES ON ENVIRONMENT A number of International Relations Theories can be applied to the issue of environment. Many of these theories only deal with the environment indirectly, yet it is useful to review the expanding literature of international-relations theory as it relates to the environment. Realism: The two central concepts of Realist theory are power and the national interest. The international society is an anarchical state-system. The system is therefore a self-help one. Realism assumes that states and their populations need natural resources to survive. There is a competition between states for these scarce resources. War is often the result of such competition and conflict. It leads to â€Å"the struggle for power and peace,† as Hans Morgenthau put it. (7) Extreme versions of Realism such as the geopolitical some see President George Bush’s intervention in Iraq as an attempt to secure the oil resources of the Middle East. 3.1 Malthusianism: Thomas Malthus, an 18th century English cleric, believed that because population grew in geometric progression and food production followed arithmetic progression, there would come a time when population growth would inevitably outstrip and will cause starvation. Thus it will threat the socio-economic security of a nation. 3.2 Liberalism: Liberalism focuses on cooperation. While liberalism sees people and states competing for scarce environmental resources, it does so in a more orderly way. Thus, â€Å"a liberal philosophy applied to global environmental politics tends to treat states as competitive participants–not unlike corporations–in markets they have established among themselves.† (8) Private enterprise and the market produce efficiency and save nature. For example, the Stockholm Declaration of 1972 forbids states from inflicting environmental damage on each other, because this would be a violation of the state’s sovereignty. 3.3 Institutionalism: This approach also focuses on cooperation. Here the states have a broader sense of self-interest. They focus on the public good. Their enlightened self-interest includes norms, values, principles and expectations which are the ingredients of International Regimes. The states seek mutually acceptable compromises through international negotiation. The building of International Regimes can benefit the global environment. The Kyoto Protocol of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change is a good example of international regimes. 3.4 Ecoanarchism: This philosophy is humanistic and leftist, and Murray Bookchin is its leading proponent. Ecoanarchists believe that â€Å"the state and ‘big’ capital are inimical to the autonomy of humans and nature.† (9) Thus to preserve nature it is necessary to break society into â€Å"small, relatively self-sufficient units.† To help nature these units must practice altruism and mutual aid. 3.5 Social Naturalism: This view sees â€Å"culture and nature as bound together† in a kind of social community. Community is used in a very broad sense that includes people, animals, plants, ideas, language, history and the ecosystems. Cooperation between humans and nature is a given. The objective of social naturalism is â€Å"the creation of a cooperative ecological society found to be rooted in the most basic levels of being.† (10) This philosophy strongly resembles the worldview. 3.6 Sustainable Growth: The growth of incomes results in economic development. As the 1990s World Bank President Barber Conable put it: â€Å"market forces and economic efficiency were the best way to achieve the kind of growth which is the best antidote to poverty.† (12) So according to the neoclassical economist’s dictum â€Å"a rising tide lifts all boats† is associated with the idea that improvements in the general economy will benefit all participants in that economy. The proponents of this theory believe that when the poor of the developing countries become richer then it will reduce pressure on the environment. For example, they will be more able and willing to pay the costs of keeping air and water clean. (13) 3.7 Sustainable Development: This phrase first appeared in a 1980 report issued by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) or World Conservation Union, international organization founded in 1948 to encourage the preservation of wildlife, natural environments, and living resources. (14) This approach focuses on the â€Å"needs† of the world’s poor and calls for a sufficient transfer of wealth from the rich countries to the poor, so that the developing countries can deal with the problem of poverty and environmental damage. 3.8 The Steady-State Economy: Herman Daly proposed this alternative approach which focuses not on more goods, but on the durability and longevity of goods. More goods are wasteful and cause environmental degradation. It calls for recycling and the minimal exploitation of biological and physical resources. Daly’s unit is the nation-state, and each country must seek to be self-sufficient and spend only its own natural resources. (15) 3.9 Radical Redistribution: This theory believes that environmental degradation is the result of excessive wealth, the injustices of capitalism and the income inequality between the rich and the poor nations. In 2005, a typical American consumed 51 times as much energy as a typical Bangladeshi. (16) Consequently, two things need to be done. First, the rich must drastically reduce their consumption so as not to burden the earth’s resources and environment. Second, the rich much transfer massive amounts of capital and technology so that the poor countries can grow economically and preserve the environment. 3.10 Ecosocialism and Eco-Marxism: Not surprisingly, ecosocialists and ecomarxists blame capitalism for environmental degradation. Capitalism is seen as inherently anti-ecological and anti-nature. For seeking cheaper raw materials and fatter profits they impose wastes onto nature. Thus the mode of production matters for the environment. They â€Å"emphasize people’s collective power as producers, which directly involve local communities (particularly urban) and increase democracy, which enlist the labour movement and which are aimed particularly at economic life.† (17) 3.11 Ecofeminism: Although many ecofeminists are not Marxists, they are all leftists or liberal in their philosophical orientation. For ecofeminists â€Å"the domination of women and nature are inextricably linked.† (18) â€Å"Feminine suffering is universal because wrong done to women and its ongoing denial fuel the psycho-sexual abuse of all Others–races, children, animals, plants, rocks, water, and air.† (19) 3.12 Ecocentrism: Ecocentrists believe that humans cannot survive without nature. Many ecocentrists are advocates of wilderness or â€Å"wildness.† As Henry David Thoreau noted: â€Å"In wildness is the preservation of the world.† (20) 3.13 Biopolitics: The origins of biopolitics can be found in the writings of Michel Foucault. According to Mitchell Dean, a follower of Foucault, biopolitics â€Å"is concerned with matters of life and death, with birth and propagation, with health and illness, both physical and mental, and with the processes that sustain or retard the optimization of the life of a population.† (21) These are some of the basic environmental philosophies that take to mean the global environment and structure practices and policies. Many of these conflict with one another and have diverse explanation of the reasons for environmental degradation. 4.0 A case of Bangladesh: The first part of this research paper dealt with the security agenda and the philosophies involving ES. Scarcities of renewable resources can generate civil violence and conflict; the degradation of renewable resources causes environmental insufficiency; powerful groups take over precious resources while trivial groups move around to ecologically sensitive areas. Moreover environmental scarcity proves the difference between social groups. Such situation affects governmental institutions and states by making it economically weak. Even environmental scarcity can cause ethnic conflicts. Accordingly the International community can be indirectly affected by these conflicts produced by environmental scarcity. (22) In the second part I will focus on Bangladesh regarding the issues of environment security. Ours is a country which has to face both external and internal, and military and non military threats. Bangladesh achieved its independence through a devastating war against Pakistan which resulted millions of death and around ten million refugees to India. Even after the war Bangladesh has been facing military threat from the Shanti Bahini of Chittagong Hill Track (CHT). Guerrilla warfare between the rebels and armed force of the government in CHT and civil conflicts between the Bengali and Non-Bengali residents of this place continue till today. The most recent armed conflict between the Bengali and Non-Bengali residents happened on 19th January 2011; where 6 (six) were killed. Such situation threatens the stability of a state. Circumstances become more vulnerable when environmental degradation doubles the pain. The independent Bangladesh has been facing environmental calamity since 1974. In 1974 famine raged over and was further aggravated by a flood. Later on, the degradation only increased and in recent years Bangladesh has seen devastating cyclones and floods. The security of Bangladesh must depend on sustainable environment in many ways. Environmental degradation will badly affect economic development, erode social cohesion. Even political institutions face threat. Population growth and lack of economic opportunity will cause demographic displacement both within the country and outside. Migration in other country can cause bilateral conflict Bangladesh is also bearing the result of environmental problems of neighbor countries. Such situation in water sector is already exacerbating regional tension with India. It can lead to harmful progress towards regional security and can instigate regional cooperation on the other hand. We have to remember that the linkage of environment and security in Bangladesh is through economics and politics. The greater the environmental degradation in Bangladesh the greater will be the political and economic deterioration, thus leading to more national and international insecurity. 5.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS IN BANGLADESH Bangladesh posses a horde of security problems, which are no longer of conventional nature but have non-conventional nature i.e. Non-traditional security issues which are in the state of constant evolution. These are economic, environmental, political and territorial threats. 5.1 Population The greatest problem that Bangladesh faces is an unusually large population in a small land area. The population grew from 42 million in 1951 to about 147 million in 2005. (23) It is projected to reach 166 million in 2015. (24) The population density is 1019 per square kilometer. When one compares this with 2 persons per sq. km. in Australia, 3 in Canada, 31 in USA, 191 in Pakistan and 324 in India, one becomes aware of the tremendous crush of population in Bangladesh. The faster the population increases, the more would be the negative effects on its environment. Zero population growth could serve for the environment in Bangladesh. 5.2 Land and Soil As noted earlier, Bangladesh covers a small area of only 144,000 square kilometers, but 63% of the total land is arable because it is located in the largest delta in the world. Formed by the three mighty rivers–the Ganges, Brahmaputra and the Meghna–it is also â€Å"the youngest and the most active delta in the world.† (27) Although Bangladesh is a flat alluvial plain, it does have complex soil condition and land pattern. Erosion of land by rivers is a serious problem in Bangladesh. Every year due to strong summer winds, powerful waves and shifting rivers thousands of acres of land are eroded away, leaving thousands of families homeless and contributing to the pattern of wholesale migration towards the urban areas, mainly to the capital city Dhaka. But it only creates instability in the society. 5.3 Deforestation Many decades ago Bangladesh had rich tropical forests. But due to population growth and the need for firewood and timber, the forests have become rapidly depleted. Currently the forest area comprises 13,000 square kilometers, about 10.2% of the total land space, which is much less than the universally accepted minimum of 25%. (28) Located in the southwest of Bangladesh, the Sundarbans is a mangrove, large tropical evergreen tree, genus Rhizophora that grows on muddy tidal flats and along protected ocean shorelines. It is the home for of the famous Royal Bengal Tiger as well as other rich flora and fauna. The United Nations has declared the Sundarbans as a world heritage site because of its rich biodiversity. Besides, the tropical rain forests in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, home to high value timber, rich vegetation and wild animals. Many animals are being rapidly depleted due to demand from both agriculture and industry. The Chokoria Sundarbans in the southeastern part of the country near the port-city Chittagong were completely destroyed in the 1980s and 1990s in order to facilitate shrimp farming. 5.4 Drought & Floods It is ironic that during the monsoon season Bangladesh has too much water and during the winter months too little water when no rainfall occurs. Thus the country is subject to both floods and drought. Barendra Bhumi of the northern part of our country is an example for drought affect. Because of drought people are unable to continue agricultural work and suffer from monga (unemployment). It also causes huge migration towards the capital city and other cities. Heavy drought also causes desertification in this area. On the other hand, in the rainy season Bangladesh suffers from too much water. About 1360 billion cubic meters of water is discharged annually through the GBM system, 93% of which flows through Bangladesh. If all the water did not flow into the sea, the country had been under 32 feet of water. The 230 rivers with their numerous creeks and rivulets attempt to drain the water into the Bay of Bengal But the situation of rivers, the low river gradients in the flat plain and strong backwater effects slow the passage to the sea, giving rise to the overflowing of the riverbanks. Every year there are floods, in some years it becomes extreme due to extra heavy rainfall. 5.5 Storms & Cyclones Bangladesh faces huge destruction due to storms and cyclones. The cyclones mainly hit the coastal region. Several severe cyclones emerge from the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean. The funnel shape of the Bay increases the intensity, often blowing in excess of 240 km per hour and creating tidal bores 9 km high. One of the worst cyclones occurred on November 12, 1970, killing an estimated 300 hundred thousand people in addition to major damage to livestock, poultry, crops and vegetation. (30) The most recent examples can be SIDR (2007) and AILA (2009).